Military

= =  § Military   § Methods, Organization, and Technology  § Egypt   § Old Kingdom  o Weapons  § Copper Tipped Spear  § Basic (30 foot max) bow  § Shield covered with animal hide  o Numerous expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods  o No standing military, however Egypt had a huge pool of human resources to call up on in times of need.  · First few dynasties (began with Narmer ,1st)- o Not many military exploits due to Egypt’s isolation from most of the known world. § Cause of isolation was natural barriers such as the Nile and desert area. o This led to a distorted sense of self importance on the part of the Egyptian, who believed that they were at the center of the universe and that all foreigners were backward barbarians.  § · 6th dynasty  · Numerous military expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods (cattle and ivory), and root out brigands. However, still remained largely isolated and undisturbed.  § Middle Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Same as Old Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Built numerous forts and walls along borders <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Though a full-time professional army was still not a part of Egypt, the pharaoh maintained more troops on extended hitches, training, or guard duty. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § This may have been to prevent the nomarchs from challenging the central gov’t, a scenario that led to civil strife and disunity. (The 1st intermediate period) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Army made up of a mix of Egyptian natives and recruited Nubians (known for their archers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Sensuret III <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Particularaly prolific fort builder <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Lots of Forts built along Nubian border in order to keep unwanted Nubians out. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 15th & 16th Dynasties <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hyksos had come in from the eastern Mediterranean, and were tolerated b/c the pharaoh’s used their young men in the armies ranks. o <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Eventually the Hyksos grew so large in number that they began to take over Egypt, and were able to using a war chariot that they gotten from Asia. o <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § This led to the Second intermediate period <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § New Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § From the Hyksos <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Bronze <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Composite Bow <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Light Chariot? <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Viziers now chosen for their military abilities <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Idea of Imperialism brings about aggressive military expansion, pharoahs seeking to show their military virtue, and an increased number of slaves <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Thousands of troops on active duty at any given time <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many great warrior Kings - Thutmose III, Ramses II <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Conquered Syrians at Megiddo <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many war developments in supplies and tactics <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Battle of Kadesh - ranks developed into 4 sections (Amon, Ptah, Ra, and Sutekh) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · no clear winner, both sides claimed victory <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Overtook Megiddo in chariot and infantry units, trick used at night to finally seize control of the city <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o  · 18th Dynasty (Ahmose) o Led army northward from Thebes and laid siege to Hyksos capital, Avaris § Was not satisfied with merely driving them out, he pusued the Hyksos into Asia and killed or captured a large number of them · 18th Dynasty (Amenhotep I) o Led military campaigns into Nubia and solidifies control over the region. · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I) o Launched Campaigns into both Nubia and Syria · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose III/ General info on battle in 18th Dynasty) o Egyptian “Alexander the Great” o His conquests broadened Egypts Sphere of Influence to about 400,000 sq. miles. o Main enemy was the Mitanni, Northeast of Syria <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Mitanni-negociated or made peace deal w/ Kadesh and Megiddo. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Thutmose III marches with larger and more sophisticated army than any that had been put together in the Old and Middle Kingdoms. § Multiple units each featuring a different spezilization of figher, the most promninant being the chariot corps. · Chariot Corps- mobile platform from which warriors could fire arrows from a composite bow (better than a “simple bow,” b/c it was made of several diverse materials including 2 or 3 vareties of wood, animal horn, animal tendonds, and glue), or hurl metal tipped javelins. § In battle, Chariot Corps charged first, unleashing arrows on enemy, and then wheeled around for a second charge. · Chariots never actually made contact b/c they were too light-weight to withstand the actual impact of a full scale charge. § Next, the infantry, “runners,” followed charging the enemy. · It was the infantrymen’s jobs to clear the field of capsized chariots and men. · Infantry was made up of foot-archers and soldiers wielding battle axes, swords, spears, and bows. · Infantry mostly made up native born Egyptians, but as in the past, foreign born soldiers supplemented the ranks. Foreign-born soldiers were Nubian, Lybians(from desert west of Egypt), and those who had been captured and were forced to fight. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § China <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Shang <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Bronze halberds (also known as daggar-spears) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Daggars <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Beheading axes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Composite bows <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Light chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many conflicts between heartland and neighboring tribes. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Enemy tribes had "-fang" suffix added onto the end of their name <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many captives beheaded and used in sacrifice. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Both nobles and "multitudes" fought in battle. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Some women led battles like Fu Hao <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Western Zhou <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Drummers used to excite troops to charge. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o No attacking at night. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Up to a thousand chariots in an army meaning up to ten thousand soldiers accompanying the chariots. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Foot-soldiers would help chariots in battle by flipping over fallen chariots. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Opposing leaders would yell challenges until they agreed to fight. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Captives were used less for sacrifice and now more as slaves. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Siganl lights were used to warn cities of attacks <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Eastern Zhou    Spring and Autumn <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Increased attacks from outsiders, increasing internal conflict leading to the selection of a hegemon in times of emergency. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hegemon was a temporary ruler of all the states. He was chosen by the other leaders of states and was supposed to unite all of China to deal with problems in crisis time. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o States constantly consuming one another. (Bigger fish eating little fish) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Increased threat of attack because of decrease in King's power. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Increase in army size led to military generals appointed based on their merit rather than their lineage. <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Warring States <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 7 major states constantly in conflict for an advantage over one another. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Superiority measured by... <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Wealth--bronze vessels, bells, etc. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Military Power--number of chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Prestige--Connection to the Zhou house (essentially the Zhou King) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Sun Wu (Sunzi) advocated geurilla tactics and deception <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Qin <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Nothing.............. <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Han <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Liu Bang disallowed pillaging of cities. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Lots of new military technologies... <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Wheelbarrow--to carry large loads over areas where normal vehicles could not. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Kite--thought to have been a sort of military communication device. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Paper--thick layers (sometimes covered in lacquer) used as armor. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Pre-Persian Empires <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Assyria <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § known for cruel tactics and ruling through fear <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Forcing Jews to march to Babylon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Put heads on spikes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · flaying <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o cutting off their skin <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Took prisoners back to homeland <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · prisoners outnumbered Assyrians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Polyglot Society- many languages <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level6 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § could not communicate thus did not rebel <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Used Hittie's Military ideas <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · three man chariot <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · heavy armor <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Iron <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sparabara <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · archer pairs <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Advanced siege tactics <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Sappers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Siege tower <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Early Battering ram <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o New Babylonians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Chaldeans and Medes overthrew Assyrians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sent Jews to Babylon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Began Diaspora <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Persian army welcomed into the city <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Medes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Horse archers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · nobility because of the expensive horses <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Spears and Wicker shields <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · ineffective against swords but light and good for stoping arrows <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Created units of the same type <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · archers, infantry,etc. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Attacks Lydia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Lydians know of the eclipse because of exposure to Greek culture through the Ionian city states. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Medes retreat after the eclipse. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § When the Persians conqured them, their generals became generals in the Persian army <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Persia <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cyrus (the great) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Rebel against Median control <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Medes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Deafeted Croesus of Lydia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Subdued Ionian City states <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · part of lydia and when Persians took control Ionians thought they were free, but were sadly wrong <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Extended Eastward <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Babylon and Nabonidus <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cambyses <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Cyrus' son <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § short reign but conquered Egypt <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Darius I  <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Macedonia and Thrace <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Fueled helped Ionians in their failed rebellion <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Fueled Persian hatred for Athens <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Darius sends army to Athens with supply ships <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Ships are crushed at Mt. Athos <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · 2nd attempt was solely by boat <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o lost and blamed it on too little troops <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Xerxes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o william and chris put in Leonidus <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Thermopylae** <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § 300 Sparta men plus close to a thousand other greeks <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § met at the narrow pass of Thermopylae <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Leonidus was Spartan general <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Greeks lost but succeeded in their goal to slow down the massive Perian Army <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Greece <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The Bronze Age <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Minoans had a thalassocracy-rule of the sea. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · They were such big bullies that they didn't even have defensive walls, because they didn't think anybody could challenge them. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Mycenaeans had a large land army and large defensive walls, and fought in the trojan war, which could have been part of their undoing. (for more info on the trojan war read the Iliad) <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The Dark Age <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Aristocratic cavalry dominated warfare <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § They retained some leftover bronze weapons <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The Archaic Period <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Inexpensive iron warfare => the rise of the hoplite <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hoplite (specs) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Iron tipped spear (5-8 ft long) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Helmet (often w/ a T shaped slit for eyes and mouth) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rounded shield (made of wood-painted to represent you and your family, unless your spartan) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Short backup sword <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Phalanx's were a military formation of hoplites (8 x 8) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Wealthiest had a lot of extra stuff if they could afford it (like greaves(bronze shin-gaurds)) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Aristocrats are not required to fight and are easily overwhelmed by massive amnts of hoplites + no more one vs. one fights <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sparta was a military oligarchy <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Classical Greece <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Persian war <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Peleponnesian war <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Hellenistic period <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Phillip/Alexander <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Goals were to conquer greece and macedonia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Advantages <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> ▪ Expanded the Phalanx (16 x 16) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> ▪ Longer Spears (16-18 ft) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> ▪ Uses cavalry in conjunction w/ phalanx to attack flanks <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § After Phillip/Alexander <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Larger standing army <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Lots of Mercenaries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · War elephants <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Improved siege towers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Catapults and Ballistae <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Roman Republic <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Early <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sacked by Gaul Early in republic <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Unification of Italy <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Etruscans <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Magna Graecia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Requirements for military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Must hold land(small farmers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · must be a citizen <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Draft <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Bring what armor you could afford; equestrian cavalry <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Problems arose when they were away from home too long, so they couldn't take care of their land <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Late <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Marii's Reforms <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Century-70 men <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cohort- 6 centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Testudo formation <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · standing professional army w/ mercenaries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play ptx to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. <span style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Century-70 men <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cohort- 6 centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level6 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Testudo formation <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Marius's Reforms <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Standing professional army w/ mercenaries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play politics to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Shift from conscripted landowning citizens to landless volunteers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Conquests outside of Italy <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Punic wars and Macedonian wars <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Roman Empire <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Principate <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Expansion through the North <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Britain <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Squashed Jewish Revolts <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Messepotaimia and Dacia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Auxilia who served for 24 yrs get citizenship <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Dominate <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Severans put massive focus on the military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Power lies with the military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Expanded military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Increased pay <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Gave officers positions in government <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The increase in pay to accommodate growing numbers of military forcing leaders to increase taxes which led to increased revolts which led to an increased reliance on a larger army making them pay the army more because they are more important...........etc. 'DeAtH sPiRaL' <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § During the military anarchy there were multiple invasions and 22 emperors in 50 years leading to internal civil strife. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § The Huns pushed the Germanic Tribes into Rome <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Rome is sacked twice <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · 410-- Goths <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · 455-- Vandals (do more damage to Rome) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Barbarians are in the military <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conflicts <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Egypt <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">__ Victory at Megiddo __ <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Thutmose discovered the Mittanian army based in Megiddo, and against the advise of his leading officers he led a surprise attack on the enemy camp at night guided only by torchlight. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Before the Mittanian soldiers had time to muster their forces, the Egyptians were apon them, and those that didn’t die in the onslaught fled into the city of Megiddo, which was besieged for a few months, after which the Mittanians surrendered. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · __ The Battle of Kadesh __ <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Overview <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Ramses II (19 Dynasty) clashed with King Muwatallis of the Hittite Empire. The Hittite’s were looking to expand southward from Asia Minor, and at the same time Pharoah Ramses II was looking to overcome the legacy set behind by his ancestors. The conflict ground was the rich and well fortified city of Kadesh. In the end, it was a tactical victory for the Egyptians, and a strategic victory for the Hittite’s, resulting in a draw. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Ramses was looking to meet up with Thutmose the III’s victory at Megiddo, and thought that the best way to do so was to <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> recapture the site of Thutmose III’s greatest victory. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Comparison of Forces <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · Egypt used mobile lightweight chariots that relied on speed and maneuverability so as to fire off many rounds into the enemies ranks without taking any damage themselves. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · The Hittite’s used heavier, better armored chariots that provided stability, and a good base to attack from, however did not have the speed of the Egyptian chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Number of troops ~ <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · Egyptians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Chariots- 2000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Infantry- 18,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Total- 20,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · Hittite’s <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Chariots- 3000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Infantry- 20,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Total- 23,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> The Egyptian Ranks <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Ramses II had to deal with the reality that moving 20,000 soldiers is a very difficult task for one man, god or not. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · He split the military into 4 divisions of approximately equal size, and placed them under trusted associates with a vested intrest in assuring victory in the coming battle. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Amon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Ra <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Ptah <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> Sutekh <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · This split the army under divine patronage while still keeping himself, his bodyguard, and immediate subordinates out of the hierarchy, and separating the raw recruits into a manageable force. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> · Some mercinaries also were a part of the Egyptian ranks, ad led the raw recruits, organizing the army into a formidable fighting force. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> The March <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Each division marched separately, purposefully spaced to allow for water reservoirs to be refilled. This traded off with the <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> readiness of the force to confront a full scale army, b/c they would have to wait for the other divisions, or if they were taken by surprise, could be picked off 1 at a time. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Muwatallis planted 2 spies in the path of Ramses II’s army, who fed the army disinformation about the location of Muwatallis’ troops. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> The Battle <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § The entire battle was decided based upon who communicated more effectively with their army, and the implementation of the information communicated by the armies respectively. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Ramses II, thinking to take the city before Muwatallis even reached it, hurried ahead, walking right into the Hittite’s trap, w/o the rest of his army, which was still far behind. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § The Hittite’s intended to take out the Ra division of the army, and along with it, Ramses II, ending the entire war. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § However, when the Hittite’s surprise attacked the Ra division of the Egyptian army, and pushed them back into the Amon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> division, the Muwatallis lost control of his troops, who stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Ramses knowing that his success depended on his forces following his commands and staying in order led a counter attack against the Hittite’s himself, instantly alerting every Egyptian on the field where he needed to be, and what he needed to be doing. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § This counter attack was supplemented with the Ptah regiment hitting the Hitite’s from the rear as the mercenaries Ramses had hired hit the Hittite’s from the flank. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Muwatallis, not having known about the other half of the Egyptian army and the mercinaries, withdrew into Kadesh. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> In the End** <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § The Egyptians had won a significant tactical victory at Kadesh, and the Hittites had won a straegical one. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § Ramses II w/d his remaining forces, and the Hittites agreed to a lasting peace agreement having seen the strength of Egypts military. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> § For Egypt, this meant a secure northern border, b/c of the peace treaty, and was therefore a victory in Ramses II eyes. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Punic Wars <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 1st <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Started over Sicily <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Mainly naval battles <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rome finds Carthaginian navy ship and copies it (Queen Careen) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hamilcar (Hannibal's father) lost <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Carthage takes Spain afterwards to recover from it's losses. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Rome capitalizes on naval dominance by capturing places like Sardinia and taking tribute from Carthage. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 2nd <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hamilcar and Rome meet in Spain and they make an agreement to split Spain. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rome captures territory breaking the treaty and kill Hamilcar, but then Rome gets kicked out of Spain <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hannibal (Hamilcar's son) sets out over the Alps w/ war elephants. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · The long arduous journey kills the war elephants, but allows them to reach Rome. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Battle of Cannae- devastating loss for Rome <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Fabius Maximus delays Hannibal so Rome could regroup <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Scipio Africanus took legions around and directly attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to be called away from Rome. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Battle of Zama <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 3rd <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Cato calls repeatedly for the destruction of the remnants of Carthage <span style="line-height: 27.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § They go in and beat the living daylights out of Carthage razing it to the ground Military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Methods, Organization, and Technology <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Egypt <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Old Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Copper Tipped Spear <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Basic (30 foot max) bow <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Shield covered with animal hide <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Numerous expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o No standing military, however Egypt had a huge pool of human resources to call up on in times of need. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · First few dynasties (began with Narmer ,1st)- o Not many military exploits due to Egypt’s isolation from most of the known world. § Cause of isolation was natural barriers such as the Nile and desert area. o This led to a distorted sense of self importance on the part of the Egyptian, who believed that they were at the center of the universe and that all foreigners were backward barbarians. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · 6th dynasty <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Numerous military expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods (cattle and ivory), and root out brigands. However, still remained largely isolated and undisturbed. <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Middle Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Same as Old Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Built numerous forts and walls along borders <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Though a full-time professional army was still not a part of Egypt, the pharaoh maintained more troops on extended hitches, training, or guard duty. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § This may have been to prevent the nomarchs from challenging the central gov’t, a scenario that led to civil strife and disunity. (The 1st intermediate period) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Army made up of a mix of Egyptian natives and recruited Nubians (known for their archers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Sensuret III <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Particularaly prolific fort builder <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Lots of Forts built along Nubian border in order to keep unwanted Nubians out. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 15th & 16th Dynasties <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hyksos had come in from the eastern Mediterranean, and were tolerated b/c the pharaoh’s used their young men in the armies ranks. o <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Eventually the Hyksos grew so large in number that they began to take over Egypt, and were able to using a war chariot that they gotten from Asia. o <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § This led to the Second intermediate period <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § New Kingdom <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § From the Hyksos <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Bronze <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Composite Bow <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Light Chariot? <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Viziers now chosen for their military abilities <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Idea of Imperialism brings about aggressive military expansion, pharoahs seeking to show their military virtue, and an increased number of slaves <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Thousands of troops on active duty at any given time <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many great warrior Kings - Thutmose III, Ramses II <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Conquered Syrians at Megiddo <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many war developments in supplies and tactics <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Battle of Kadesh - ranks developed into 4 sections (Amon, Ptah, Ra, and Sutekh) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · no clear winner, both sides claimed victory <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Overtook Megiddo in chariot and infantry units, trick used at night to finally seize control of the city <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o  · 18th Dynasty (Ahmose) o Led army northward from Thebes and laid siege to Hyksos capital, Avaris § Was not satisfied with merely driving them out, he pusued the Hyksos into Asia and killed or captured a large number of them · 18th Dynasty (Amenhotep I) o Led military campaigns into Nubia and solidifies control over the region. · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I) o Launched Campaigns into both Nubia and Syria · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose III/ General info on battle in 18th Dynasty) o Egyptian “Alexander the Great” o His conquests broadened Egypts Sphere of Influence to about 400,000 sq. miles. o Main enemy was the Mitanni, Northeast of Syria <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Mitanni-negociated or made peace deal w/ Kadesh and Megiddo. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Thutmose III marches with larger and more sophisticated army than any that had been put together in the Old and Middle Kingdoms. § Multiple units each featuring a different spezilization of figher, the most promninant being the chariot corps. · Chariot Corps- mobile platform from which warriors could fire arrows from a composite bow (better than a “simple bow,” b/c it was made of several diverse materials including 2 or 3 vareties of wood, animal horn, animal tendonds, and glue), or hurl metal tipped javelins. § In battle, Chariot Corps charged first, unleashing arrows on enemy, and then wheeled around for a second charge. · Chariots never actually made contact b/c they were too light-weight to withstand the actual impact of a full scale charge. § Next, the infantry, “runners,” followed charging the enemy. · It was the infantrymen’s jobs to clear the field of capsized chariots and men. · Infantry was made up of foot-archers and soldiers wielding battle axes, swords, spears, and bows. · Infantry mostly made up native born Egyptians, but as in the past, foreign born soldiers supplemented the ranks. Foreign-born soldiers were Nubian, Lybians(from desert west of Egypt), and those who had been captured and were forced to fight. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § China <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Shang <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Weapons <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Bronze halberds (also known as daggar-spears) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Daggars <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Beheading axes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Composite bows <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Light chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many conflicts between heartland and neighboring tribes. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Enemy tribes had "-fang" suffix added onto the end of their name <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Many captives beheaded and used in sacrifice. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Both nobles and "multitudes" fought in battle. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Some women led battles like Fu Hao <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Western Zhou <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Drummers used to excite troops to charge. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o No attacking at night. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Up to a thousand chariots in an army meaning up to ten thousand soldiers accompanying the chariots. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Foot-soldiers would help chariots in battle by flipping over fallen chariots. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Opposing leaders would yell challenges until they agreed to fight. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Captives were used less for sacrifice and now more as slaves. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Siganl lights were used to warn cities of attacks <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Eastern Zhou    Spring and Autumn <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Increased attacks from outsiders, increasing internal conflict leading to the selection of a hegemon in times of emergency. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hegemon was a temporary ruler of all the states. He was chosen by the other leaders of states and was supposed to unite all of China to deal with problems in crisis time. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o States constantly consuming one another. (Bigger fish eating little fish) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Increased threat of attack because of decrease in King's power. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Increase in army size led to military generals appointed based on their merit rather than their lineage. <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Warring States <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 7 major states constantly in conflict for an advantage over one another. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Superiority measured by... <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Wealth--bronze vessels, bells, etc. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Military Power--number of chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Prestige--Connection to the Zhou house (essentially the Zhou King) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Sun Wu (Sunzi) advocated geurilla tactics and deception <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Qin <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Nothing.............. <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Han <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Liu Bang disallowed pillaging of cities. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Lots of new military technologies... <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Wheelbarrow--to carry large loads over areas where normal vehicles could not. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Kite--thought to have been a sort of military communication device. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Paper--thick layers (sometimes covered in lacquer) used as armor. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Pre-Persian Empires <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Assyria <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § known for cruel tactics and ruling through fear <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Forcing Jews to march to Babylon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Put heads on spikes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · flaying <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o cutting off their skin <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Took prisoners back to homeland <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · prisoners outnumbered Assyrians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Polyglot Society- many languages <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level6 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § could not communicate thus did not rebel <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Used Hittie's Military ideas <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · three man chariot <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · heavy armor <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Iron <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sparabara <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · archer pairs <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Advanced siege tactics <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Sappers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Siege tower <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Early Battering ram <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o New Babylonians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Chaldeans and Medes overthrew Assyrians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sent Jews to Babylon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Began Diaspora <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Persian army welcomed into the city <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Medes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Horse archers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · nobility because of the expensive horses <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Spears and Wicker shields <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · ineffective against swords but light and good for stoping arrows <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Created units of the same type <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · archers, infantry,etc. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Attacks Lydia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Lydians know of the eclipse because of exposure to Greek culture through the Ionian city states. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Medes retreat after the eclipse. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § When the Persians conqured them, their generals became generals in the Persian army <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Persia <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cyrus (the great) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Rebel against Median control <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Medes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Deafeted Croesus of Lydia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Subdued Ionian City states <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · part of lydia and when Persians took control Ionians thought they were free, but were sadly wrong <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Extended Eastward <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Babylon and Nabonidus <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cambyses <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Cyrus' son <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § short reign but conquered Egypt <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Darius I  <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Macedonia and Thrace <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Fueled helped Ionians in their failed rebellion <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Fueled Persian hatred for Athens <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Darius sends army to Athens with supply ships <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Ships are crushed at Mt. Athos <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · 2nd attempt was solely by boat <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o lost and blamed it on too little troops <span style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Xerxes <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o william and chris put in Leonidus <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Thermopylae** <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § 300 Sparta men plus close to a thousand other greeks <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § met at the narrow pass of Thermopylae <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Leonidus was Spartan general <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Greeks lost but succeeded in their goal to slow down the massive Perian Army <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Greece <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The Bronze Age <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Minoans had a thalassocracy-rule of the sea. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · They were such big bullies that they didn't even have defensive walls, because they didn't think anybody could challenge them. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Mycenaeans had a large land army and large defensive walls, and fought in the trojan war, which could have been part of their undoing. (for more info on the trojan war read the Iliad) <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The Dark Age <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Aristocratic cavalry dominated warfare <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § They retained some leftover bronze weapons <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The Archaic Period <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Inexpensive iron warfare => the rise of the hoplite <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hoplite (specs) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Iron tipped spear (5-8 ft long) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Helmet (often w/ a T shaped slit for eyes and mouth) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rounded shield (made of wood-painted to represent you and your family, unless your spartan) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Short backup sword <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Phalanx's were a military formation of hoplites (8 x 8) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Wealthiest had a lot of extra stuff if they could afford it (like greaves(bronze shin-gaurds)) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Aristocrats are not required to fight and are easily overwhelmed by massive amnts of hoplites + no more one vs. one fights <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sparta was a military oligarchy <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Classical Greece <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Persian war <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Peleponnesian war <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Hellenistic period <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Phillip/Alexander <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Goals were to conquer greece and macedonia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Advantages <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> ▪ Expanded the Phalanx (16 x 16) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> ▪ Longer Spears (16-18 ft) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> ▪ Uses cavalry in conjunction w/ phalanx to attack flanks <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § After Phillip/Alexander <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Larger standing army <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Lots of Mercenaries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · War elephants <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Improved siege towers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Catapults and Ballistae <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Roman Republic <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Early <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Sacked by Gaul Early in republic <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Unification of Italy <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Etruscans <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Magna Graecia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Requirements for military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Must hold land(small farmers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · must be a citizen <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Draft <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Bring what armor you could afford; equestrian cavalry <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Problems arose when they were away from home too long, so they couldn't take care of their land <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Late <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Marii's Reforms <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Century-70 men <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cohort- 6 centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Testudo formation <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · standing professional army w/ mercenaries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play ptx to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. <span style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Century-70 men <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Cohort- 6 centuries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 3.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level6 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 191.0pt 3.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Testudo formation <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Marius's Reforms <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Standing professional army w/ mercenaries <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play politics to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Shift from conscripted landowning citizens to landless volunteers <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Conquests outside of Italy <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Punic wars and Macedonian wars <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Roman Empire <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Principate <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Expansion through the North <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Britain <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Squashed Jewish Revolts <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conquered Messepotaimia and Dacia <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Auxilia who served for 24 yrs get citizenship <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o Dominate <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Severans put massive focus on the military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Power lies with the military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Expanded military <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Increased pay <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Gave officers positions in government <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 155.0pt 2.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o The increase in pay to accommodate growing numbers of military forcing leaders to increase taxes which led to increased revolts which led to an increased reliance on a larger army making them pay the army more because they are more important...........etc. 'DeAtH sPiRaL' <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § During the military anarchy there were multiple invasions and 22 emperors in 50 years leading to internal civil strife. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § The Huns pushed the Germanic Tribes into Rome <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Rome is sacked twice <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · 410-- Goths <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · 455-- Vandals (do more damage to Rome) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Barbarians are in the military <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Conflicts <span style="line-height: 25.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Egypt <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · __ Victory at Megiddo __ <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Thutmose discovered the Mittanian army based in Megiddo, and against the advise of his leading officers he led a surprise attack on the enemy camp at night guided only by torchlight. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Before the Mittanian soldiers had time to muster their forces, the Egyptians were apon them, and those that didn’t die in the onslaught fled into the city of Megiddo, which was besieged for a few months, after which the Mittanians surrendered. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · __ The Battle of Kadesh __ <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Overview <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Ramses II (19 Dynasty) clashed with King Muwatallis of the Hittite Empire. The Hittite’s were looking to expand southward from Asia Minor, and at the same time Pharoah Ramses II was looking to overcome the legacy set behind by his ancestors. The conflict ground was the rich and well fortified city of Kadesh. In the end, it was a tactical victory for the Egyptians, and a strategic victory for the Hittite’s, resulting in a draw. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Ramses was looking to meet up with Thutmose the III’s victory at Megiddo, and thought that the best way to do so was to <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § recapture the site of Thutmose III’s greatest victory. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Comparison of Forces <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · Egypt used mobile lightweight chariots that relied on speed and maneuverability so as to fire off many rounds into the enemies ranks without taking any damage themselves. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · The Hittite’s used heavier, better armored chariots that provided stability, and a good base to attack from, however did not have the speed of the Egyptian chariots <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Number of troops ~ <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · Egyptians <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Chariots- 2000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Infantry- 18,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Total- 20,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · Hittite’s <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Chariots- 3000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Infantry- 20,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Total- 23,000 <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · The Egyptian Ranks <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Ramses II had to deal with the reality that moving 20,000 soldiers is a very difficult task for one man, god or not. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · He split the military into 4 divisions of approximately equal size, and placed them under trusted associates with a vested intrest in assuring victory in the coming battle. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Amon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Ra <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Ptah <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Sutekh <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · This split the army under divine patronage while still keeping himself, his bodyguard, and immediate subordinates out of the hierarchy, and separating the raw recruits into a manageable force. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § · Some mercinaries also were a part of the Egyptian ranks, ad led the raw recruits, organizing the army into a formidable fighting force. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · The March <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Each division marched separately, purposefully spaced to allow for water reservoirs to be refilled. This traded off with the <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § readiness of the force to confront a full scale army, b/c they would have to wait for the other divisions, or if they were taken by surprise, could be picked off 1 at a time. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Muwatallis planted 2 spies in the path of Ramses II’s army, who fed the army disinformation about the location of Muwatallis’ troops. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · The Battle <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § The entire battle was decided based upon who communicated more effectively with their army, and the implementation of the information communicated by the armies respectively. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Ramses II, thinking to take the city before Muwatallis even reached it, hurried ahead, walking right into the Hittite’s trap, w/o the rest of his army, which was still far behind. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § The Hittite’s intended to take out the Ra division of the army, and along with it, Ramses II, ending the entire war. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § However, when the Hittite’s surprise attacked the Ra division of the Egyptian army, and pushed them back into the Amon <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § division, the Muwatallis lost control of his troops, who stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Ramses knowing that his success depended on his forces following his commands and staying in order led a counter attack against the Hittite’s himself, instantly alerting every Egyptian on the field where he needed to be, and what he needed to be doing. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § This counter attack was supplemented with the Ptah regiment hitting the Hitite’s from the rear as the mercenaries Ramses had hired hit the Hittite’s from the flank. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Muwatallis, not having known about the other half of the Egyptian army and the mercinaries, withdrew into Kadesh. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · In the End** <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § The Egyptians had won a significant tactical victory at Kadesh, and the Hittites had won a straegical one. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § Ramses II w/d his remaining forces, and the Hittites agreed to a lasting peace agreement having seen the strength of Egypts military. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § § For Egypt, this meant a secure northern border, b/c of the peace treaty, and was therefore a victory in Ramses II eyes. <span style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Punic Wars <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 1st <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Started over Sicily <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Mainly naval battles <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rome finds Carthaginian navy ship and copies it (Queen Careen) <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hamilcar (Hannibal's father) lost <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Carthage takes Spain afterwards to recover from it's losses. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Rome capitalizes on naval dominance by capturing places like Sardinia and taking tribute from Carthage. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 2nd <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hamilcar and Rome meet in Spain and they make an agreement to split Spain. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Rome captures territory breaking the treaty and kill Hamilcar, but then Rome gets kicked out of Spain <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Hannibal (Hamilcar's son) sets out over the Alps w/ war elephants. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · The long arduous journey kills the war elephants, but allows them to reach Rome. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Battle of Cannae- devastating loss for Rome <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Fabius Maximus delays Hannibal so Rome could regroup <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Scipio Africanus took legions around and directly attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to be called away from Rome. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Battle of Zama <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 119.0pt 2.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus. <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> o 3rd <span style="line-height: 19.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 83.0pt 1.5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> § Cato calls repeatedly for the destruction of the remnants of Carthage. They go in and beat the living daylights out of Carthage razing it to the ground