Vocabulary

Originally Made by John and Sam

=Vocabulary= toc

Prehistory
Paleolithic Period- From circa 2,500,000-10,000 BCE; period when simple stone tools were used by early humans Paleolithic- nomadic tribes of 20-30 people who relied on hunting and gathering for food and used stone and fire for tools and created cave paintings Neolithic Revolution- From circa 10,000-4,000 BCE; Period when farming was developed Neolithic- tribes in permanent settlements with up to 6,000 people who used farming and herding for food, used copper and improved stone tools Agricultural Revolution- See //Neolithic Revolution// Neolithic Period- Period of early farming Çatalhüyük- One of the world's earliest cities; existed circa 7500 BCE-5700 BCE; built during the Neolithic Revolution in present-day Turkey Pre-history- Time before writing and agriculture

Geography
Kemet- Black Land; land near Nile; Egyptian name for their land; associated with Osiris Deshret- Red Land; desert; associated with Seth Delta- mouth of river where the water spreads out; fertile land; named after Greek letter for its resemblance Nile Valley- valley through which the Nile flows Upper Egypt- southern Egypt; upstream part of the Nile Lower Egypt- northern Egypt: downstream part of Nile Cataracts- waterfalls or rapids in a river; 7 on the Nile Silt- fertile soil at bottom of a river; scattered over the land during the inundation Inundation- yearly flooding of Nile; name for the season of the flood; released the silt throughout the land Irrigation- transporting of water from a river to fields through the use of canals Amarna- new capitol of Egypt during Akhenaten's reign Nome- a providence like sector of Egypt that the kingdom was split into Nomarch- ruler of a nome, answers to pharaoh

Technology
==

//Image source: http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/pics/egypt/shaduf.jpg// Shaduf- a mechanism for transporting water with buckets and counter weights Copper Tipped Spear- spear commonly used by the Egyptians Simple Bow- the basic bow; used by Egyptians in the Old and Middle Kingdoms; max range of 30-50 feet Composite Bow- came in new kingdom; made of wood and horn or sinew; range of 650 feet; technology came from Hyksos Egyptian War Chariot- lightweight and maneuverable; carried a driver and an archer; came from Hyksos Hieroglyphs- "sacred writing" when something was carved into stone it became true. 4 types of hieroglyphs were picture, abstract idea, phonetic, and determinative Papyrus- early form of paper made of the Papyrus reeds common to the Nile Nilometer- measuring stick for measuring the height of Nile; way to determine height of Inundation and to determine the taxes; used by priests Mummification- a process preformed on a dead body that preserved it; body wrapped in linens that were treated with spices and chemicals; body dried up in sand; organs were removed and placed in canopic jars to eliminate moisture; body placed in a coffin then placed in a sarcophagus Sand Hydraulics- process of lowering an object into the ground by filling a hole with sand and removing it while the object moves lower into the ground

Culture
Red Crown-crown of Lower Egypt http://blogishome.blogspot.com/2010/04/royal-crowns-of-ancient-egyptian.html White Crown- crown of Upper Egypt http://blogishome.blogspot.com/2010/04/royal-crowns-of-ancient-egyptian.html Double Crown- combination of Red and White crowns; symbol of the unification of Egypt; worn by Egyptian pharaohs http://blogishome.blogspot.com/2010/04/royal-crowns-of-ancient-egyptian.html Pharaoh- title of the Egyptian king; considered divine Rosetta Stone- stone tablet written in the time of Greek rule; key in the translation of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs; written in Hellenistic Greeks, hieroglyphs, and demotic Sun Temples- for Ra; combined pyramids with obelisks; most got destroyed because they were made of mud brick

Religion
Three parts of the Soul- Ba, Ka, Akh Ba- a person's personality and what makes them unique; portrayed as a bird with a the specific person's head; travelled across the sky everyday from the east to the west side of the Nile; if it couldn't recognize the body, it died Ka- the life force of a person; required nourishment with food; without it there was no afterlife; depicted as a set of arms in a "U" shape Akh- ghost aspect of the soul; capable of interacting with the living; could cause harm or cure sickness Book of the Dead- gave rituals for the dead; spelled out the aspects of the afterlife; included weighing of the heart ceremony Weighing of the Heart Ceremony Ankh- symbol of eternal life Udjat- symbol of protection; represents the eye of Horus that Seth tore out Ammit- the crocodil/lion/hippo god during the weighing of the heart ceremony that would eat the heart if it was heavier than the feather Memorial temples- temples that commemorated the achievements of a pharaoh where offerings were given Cult temples- temples to worship gods on the east bank of the Nile Coffin texts- texts/prayers written on sarcófagos' to help in the after life Budget burials- when the afterlife was promised to everyone burials were cheaper for the poor so budget burials were created that were a cheap burial and promise to an after life Ma'at- when all of the cycles are working perfectly and in harmony so life will continue to be smooth
 * 1) Anubis holds a scale weighing a heart against the feather of truth and justice, and Thoth decided if they were equal
 * 2) If the two balanced the soul would pass on. If they didn't Ammit, a crocodile/lion/hippo would eat the soul
 * 3) The souls passed on from Horus to Osiris

Art
Aspective View- drawing objects from their most characteristic angle; used in most Egyptian art Canon of Proportion- formula of ratio for Egyptian art; kept all pictures and sculptures to scale despite their size Hieratic Scaling- more important people were depicted larger Smiting Posture- a commonly used setting in which the pharaoh was shown ending his enemy Amarna style- the style of art founded by Akhenaten that used realism

Geography
Yellow River- River flowing west to east across North China Plain; called "China's Sorrow" because of destructive floods Yangzi River- River in southern China flowing west to east Gobi Desert- Desert in northern China Tokia Makan Desert- Desert in northwestern China Quinling Mountains- Divide north and south China Himalayan Mountains- Mountains in southwest China Middle Kingdom- What ancient Chinese called China Heartland- where the king has direct control and is the political, religioius, and military leader

Technology
Piece Mold Bronze Working- Clay was used to make a mold and bronze was poured into mold Lost Wax Bronze Working- Wax was made into shape of final product, covered with clay, and then replaced with molten bronze Well Field System- when someone owns a large amount of land and allows others to work on the land on thier own private square, but they must also work on the middle square of the person who owns all of the land and a percentage of everyone's profit is given to the land owner Collar harness- a harness attached to a horse and a cart to help plow the fileds Fallow fileds- when you do not farm a plot of land for a few years so the land will become fertile again and alternate between fields Silk Road- long road where silk and other trade was done Seed drill- allowed farmers to sow their seeds at the correct depth seismograph- a device that records the earth's tremors

Culture
Cowry Shells- the currency used until coins were introduced in the warring states period Confucianism- focus on the relationships between you and others Legalsim- using the fact that people act of self-interest to your advantage and creating strict law enforcement Terracotta army- army of terracotta soldiers burried with Shi Huangdi Civil Service Exams- exams held to determine if you can hold a civil service position Civil service- government workers where there was a variety in positoin Nonaction- going with the flow in Daoism and minimalism is the most efficient

Allied Chieftans- A leader of an area surrounding the heart land that follows/works with the king Estate Holder- Members of the ruling dynasty that ruled smaller areas to assist the king
 * Government**

Geography


**Technology** Canats- underground pipes that brought in fresh water, at Darius' palace at Persepolis Paradasia- a walled, rectangular, ornament garden, built at palaces, started by Cyrus Sparabara- archer pairs; improved upon the Assyrian model; 9 archers per 1 shield man Seige tactics- when you surround a city and cut off its supply of food and water and attack when they are weak or they will give up

Culture
Polygamy- to have multiple wives, this showed a man's wealth in Persia Concubine- a woman who has a lower status than wife, a mistress of the man of the house cultural assimilation- taking ideas and technology from cultures of conquered regions The Great King-owned all the land, and held absolute power, limited only by tradition and any expectations that he consults his nobles Satraps-the 20 satrapies were each ruled by a satrap of Persian descent with king-like power Key Officials-worked within each satrapy, reported directly to the Great King, there were military administrative and financial officials, Nobles-nobles of Persian descent were ranked higher, held highest government positions and served in elite cavalry divisions, Merchants, Artisans, and skilled Freemen-these skilled workers made up a lower middle class Unskilled freemen, Serfs, and Slaves- made up the lowest social class,unskilled freemen were payed for their manual labor, while serfs worked to pay off their debts and had low chance of earning their freedom, they were always farmers tied to their land, slaves were personal and born into slavery Cuneiform- writing system for writing on clay tablets Darics- coins used and created during Darius' reign Apadana- a stone tent or audience hall built by Darius The Kings Peace- peace treaty between Greece and Persia and was issued by Artaxerxes

Zoroastrianism- mono-theistic; worshiped Ahura-mazda; cosmic battle between the forces of good and evil; individuals must make moral choices; at the end of time good will win out, and all will be judged. Avesta- scriptures of Zoroastrianism; contained the rules and all the teachings of Zoroaster Ahuramazda- "the Wise Lord", the single god of Zoroastrianism Magi- Zoroastrian priests; most orthodox practicers of Zoroastrianism; left dead out for scavengers
 * Religion**

**__Greece:__**
Ancient Greek.
 * Hellenes**

Ancient Greece.
 * Hellas**

Part of the Mediterranean sea by Greece.
 * Aegean Sea**

The mountainous southern peninsula of Greece.
 * Peloponnesus**

A fortified part of Greece.
 * Acropolis**

First advanced civilization of Greece on Crete, named after King Minos.
 * Minoans**

Largest city on Crete with palaces.
 * Knossos**

Interior wall paintings done on plaster while it it still wet and then later painted on.
 * Frescoes**

A large eruption on the island of Crete that weakened the Minoans severely.
 * Thera Eruption**

The first form of writing used by the Minoans found on Crete that we still cannot read.
 * Linear A**

The type of writing used by the Mycenaeans that is similar to linear A and uses more of a Greek syllabi.
 * Linear B**

A civilization on mainland Greece whose main city was Mycenae and were war like/militaristic.
 * Mycenaeans**

Main city in the Mycenaean civilization on main land Greece.
 * Mycenae**

Discovered "Agamemnon's" mask.
 * Heinrich Schlieman**

A poet that recites epics.
 * Bard**

Pottery with bands and geometric shapes.
 * Geometric Style**

The highest spot in a social structure
 * Aristocracy**

When a tyrant rules over a land.
 * Tyranny**

A ruler who gains power by force.
 * Tyrant**

Poetry accompanied with a lyre and express the poet's thoughts and feelings speaking directly to the audience.
 * Lyric Poetry**

Greek soldiers who fought in phalanx formation with spears, a sword, and a helmet.
 * Hoplites**

Hoplites that stood in tightly packed and dense rows of 8x8.
 * Phalanx**

The battle between Darius form Persia and Greece, and Greece won.
 * Battle of Marathon**

A straight of water connected to the Aegean sea.
 * Hellespont**

Built by Xerxes across the Hellespont using boats.
 * Pontoon (Boat) Bridge**

Battle between Persia and the Greeks in a mountain pass, where the Spartan's, led by Leonidas, delay the Persians in return for their lives.
 * Battle of Thermopylae**

A navel battle at Salamis between Persia and the Greeks, and the Persians lost.
 * Battle of Salamis**

Battle between Persia and Greece, the Persian troops were led by Mardonius, and Persia lost.
 * Battle of Plataea**

A political-military alliance designed on the one hand to defend Greece and on the other hand to go on the offensive on Persia.
 * Delian League**

Ancient Greek Ionian City state
 * Polis**


 * Commercial Revolution**
 * The revival of trade created both winners and losers.
 * Winners-Artisans whose products have international appeal or merchants and investors whose ventures succeed overseas.
 * Losers-Aristocrats who resist the new trade based economy and instead clinging to agriculture
 * New social class emerges
 * Business class (Winners who have newfound wealth)
 * Debt Slaves (People who took loans to go on international ventures but failed to make a profit and sold themselves and/or their families to work off the debt)
 * This new business class wanted the political power to match their wealth (they were just as wealthy as the aristocratic oligarchs but were denied power and influence) and the poor were unhappy with their situation. These factors helped lead to an overthrow of the aristocratic oligarchy, leading to tyranny.

The ancient Greek cities in southern Italy.
 * Magna Graecia**

Very stiff statues looking of men and women that were made after their death and put as a grave marker, the men were always nude but the women were clothed due to the required modesty of women
 * Kuros**

When popular politicians were banished for 10 years because of the fear of them becoming too popular.
 * Ostracism**

When you wrote who you wanted to be ostracized on a shard of pottery found on the streets.
 * Ostraka**

Sparta's region of control.
 * Laconia**

Free, but nor citizens that were mainly merchants and artisans that also served in the military and could gain citizenship if they proved themselves militarily.
 * Perioikoi**

Bound to the land, had to hand over half of their produce and it was legal to kill them.
 * Helots**

One of the peripheral regions of Greece.
 * Messenia**

Full spartan citizens.
 * Spartiates**

Transformed Sparta into a military state
 * Code of Lycurgus**

"The period of hiding" when males would have to live on their own and kill helots and other enemies.
 * Krypteia**

5 total, elected annually and supervised the training and conduct. They also acted as judges in civil disputes and presided over assemblies.
 * Ephors**

Council of 28 elders and the two kings over the age of 60 and prepared proposals for the Apella
 * Gerousia**

Assembly of all adult spartiate males who vote yes or no on proposals without debate and elect the Ephors and Gerousia.
 * Apella**

The oracle at Delphi that predicted the outcomes in future events.
 * Oracle at Delphi**


 * Olympic Games**

Council of 500 Athenians who worked on government year-round, giving each individual Athenian a serious hand in Athenian government. Rotated through the Tholos handling immediate daily duties.
 * Boule **

Small group of members of the boule assuming standing duties, living in the tholos for a month, handling the daily duties.
 * Prytany **

Head or leader of the prytany of the time. A different Chairman each day.
 * Chairman **

Military leaders.
 * strategos (plural = strategoi) **

Resident foreigners in Greece.
 * metoikoi (metics) **

Reverse water pump
 * Archimede's screw **

Voting neighborhoods
 * Demes**

Boat or play or choir paid for by rich Greeks to gain themselves prestige while also contributing to the government as a sort of super-tax.
 * Liturgy **

Athenian silver coin.
 * Drachma **

Great work of architecture, temple dedicated to Athena.
 * Parthenon**

The shallow triangular space left above the end columns created because of the gently sloping roofs on the temples.
 * Pediment**

A rectangular room inside of a temple that housed the statue of the god for whom the temple was built. This windwless room opened up onto a porch with columns.
 * Naos**

The top and (usually) most detailed part of a column that is used to distinguish between the different types of columns.
 * capital (of a column)**

Columns that are plain and mostly without decoration.
 * Doric Column**

Columns with ram’s horns patterns.
 * Ionic Column**

Column with carvings of acanthus leaves as if they were growing out of the capital.
 * Corinthian Column**

A type of storage jar with a long neck and two handles attached to either side of the jar.
 * Amphora**

A mixing bowl for water and wine that loks like a plant vse with two small handles on either side of the bowl.
 * Krater**

A flat bottomed sipping bowl.
 * Kylix **

Giant Greek theater competition.
 * City Dionysia**

Seating area for spectators in a theater.
 * Theatron**

Formation of singing narrators in Greek and Roman theater. “dancing place” where actors, the chorus, and other performers performed.
 * Chorus**
 * Orchestra**

Background for actors shielding dressing quarters and backstage. Acted as scenery as well.
 * Skene**

Entrances to the orchestra used by the actors and other performers.
 * parados (plural = paradoi)**

Machine. Mechanical arm used to depict activities in the sky, such as heroes riding flying horses, or gods descending from Olympus.
 * Machina**

God out of a Machine. Convention in which a God would ccome down from a Machina and solve all the problems of the play that the plawrite could apparently think of no logical means of solving.
 * deus ex machina**

A moving platform used to show murderer and vicim, since violent acts weren’t acted out.
 * Ekkyklema**

The leader of a dramatic chorus.
 * choregos (plural = choregoi)**

A drinking party of Greek men.
 * symposium (plural = symposia)**

The town-center of most Greek city-states. Like a Roman forum.
 * Agora**

Parks where young Greek men exercised naked.
 * Gymnasia**

A boat with three rows (levels) for oars, used by the Greek navy.
 * Trireme**

Speakers hired to advocate options that were being voted on by the ecclesia. Valued persuasion over truth.
 * Sophists**

Method of teaching in which the “teacher” would pose a question, then contradict every given answer, forcing the student to think further. (Chair Method.) “A dialogue of questions and answers in which a student puts forward their beliefs and the teacher questions the logic of their assumptions without offering a solution.
 * Socratic method**

Plato’s book outlining his ideal state. The social classes were based on intellect rather than wealth or birth, with professions assigned based on ability or merit, with communal marriage and child-birth (to ensure that each child received the same, high-quality care and education.) Philosopher king (Or Queen, wisest, based only on intellectual merit) à Intellectual Aristocracy (Generally smart, advised the king/queen, not a random democracy, entrust the gov’t to only the wise.) à Warriors (Slight intelligence but mostly brawn). à Farmers and Artisans (Physical work only).
 * Plato's //Republic//**

Plato’s school at which he taught his beliefs. He taught co-ed classes, and many recorded teachings exist in written dialogue form.
 * Plato's Academy**

Small oligarchy installed in Athens by the patrons after the Peloponnesian War.
 * Thirty Tyrants**

Speeches by Demosthenes warning the Greeks of Philips impending uprise.
 * Demosthenes' //Philippics//**

A confederacy of Greeks to which Philip of Macedonia appointed himself leader after he conquered Greece.
 * League of Corinth**

March of 10,000 Greek soldiers out of Persi with no real opposition. Shoed that Persia was inferior and afraid of Greece, and served as a sign to Philip that Persia could be conquered.
 * The March of the Ten Thousand (401BCE)**

Alexander vs. Darius III, One of the two battles at which Darius strategically “withdraws” from the battle for his personal safety.
 * Battle of Issus**

Alexander’s new capital. One of the most spectacular cities of the Ancient World.
 * Alexandria**

Lighthouse built by Ptolemy I and II.
 * Pharos**


 * Library of Alexandria**
 * Museum**
 * Battle of Gaugamela**
 * The Companions**
 * The Marriage of Susa**
 * Hellenistic**
 * Ptolemaic Kingdom**
 * Seleucid Kingdom**
 * Antigonid Kingdom**
 * Koine**
 * mystery religions**
 * Stoicism**

**__Rome Master Vocab List__**
Major mountain rangei n Italy
 * Alps**

Major mountain range in Italy
 * Apennines**

"Greater Greece", the Greek colonies
 * Magna Graecia**

Roman man elected emergency dictator in a crisis, saved his army within 15 days and returned home to his farm, renouncing the title of dictator
 * Cincinnatus**

"Ways of our ancestors" Ideal social/lifestyle characteristics that every Roman strove for.
 * Mos Maiorum**

Male head of the Roman family
 * Paterfamilias**

Family (familia) Extended Roman families.

Clan Large group of people united under a common ancestor/family name.

Patrons Protectors of clients, or newcomers to rome without a family to attach themselves to, influential sponsors.

Clients Lower-class people or Newcomers to Rome without a family who attached themselves to a family (or patron) in order to gain legal protection or other sponsorship.

Noble Romans of high social status and political power.
 * Patricians**

Low class Romans, commoners.
 * Plebeian**s

Representatives of the people. Plebeians or Patricians elected to government in order to represent the general population of the plebs, giving them representation in government. This office also had the power singly veto any legislation.
 * Tribunes**

The Twelve Tables Laws created by the Plebs to protect themselves from selfish Patricians who would morph unwritten laws to their advantage.

Lex Hortensia (287 bc) Stated that any law passed by the plebeian assembly held just as much weight as Patrician senate laws and bound the entire population, Patricians included. Represents the Plebeians finally attaining social equity.

Plebiscites Laws passed by the Plebeian assembly.

Atrium Main living area of Roman houses

Rooms rented out as shops in the fronts of Roman homes
 * Tabernae**

Roman dining rooms
 * Triclinium**

Elaborate gardens in Roman homes
 * Peristyle**

City burned by volcanic ash from whence we get most of our evidence of Roman houses
 * Pompeii**

"Islands", Roman blocks in the grid-structure of the city. May have contained private shops, homes, etc. but often contained large apartment buildings which took up the entire block. Four or five stories high, contained small uncomfortable rooms, with windows and balconies as opposed to atriums. Were dangerous and shoddily built, crappy places to live. Often collapsed or caught fire.
 * Insulae**

Port of Rome from which our evidence of apartment buildings come.
 * Ostia**

Central heating systems in insulae
 * Hypocausts**

Huge public baths which was the supposed compensation of the government for the lack of running water in insulae, which allowed subjects to remain hygienic.
 * Thermae**

Country houses. Comfortable villa for the rich outside of the crowded cities where the rich could run farming industries etc. Because they were outside of the city, they could be large, with lots of land, resulting in lavish architecture and amenities, such as pools etc.
 * Villa**

Prosperous North African trading city which would eventually engage Rome in the Punic wars.
 * Carthage**

Carthaginian general who would come very close to defeating Rome in the Punic wars.
 * Hannibal**

Battle at which th eentire Roman army was annhialated by the Carthaginians and hannibal.
 * Battle of Cannae**

Able roman general that countered the Carthaginians while Rome was trying to recover from the Battle of Cannae by tantalizing Hannibal's troops. He would come just near enough to spark fear of attack, but far enough away that he wouldn't have to engage in battle which he would surely lose. Through these tactics he kept Hannibal's army uneasy but preoccupied while Rome tried to regroup.
 * Fabius Maximus "the Delayer"**

Roman general that eventually drove the Carthaginians out of Rome.
 * Scipio "Africanus"**

Battle where Scipio challenged and defeated Hannibal and the Carthiginians
 * Battle of Zama**

Highest Roman authorities (2) with control over all public business, most political administration, and military matters.
 * Consul**

Group of senators from old Roman families that voted on legislation like our senate and house today.
 * Senate**

Tribune of Rome that proposed the public redistribution of land, was given popular support, but was eventually killed.
 * Tiberius Gracchus**

Younger brother of Tiberius, appealed for support of Knights/equestrians. Followed in his brother's footsteps gaining popular support, but was killed.
 * Gaius Gracchus**

New social class created by Gaius made of middle-class Roman businessmen. Were the merchants contracted by the senate to carry out new legislature, and therefore emerged as a new, wealthy class that gained its name from the fact that they were those in the military that could afford to buy horses.
 * Equestrians**

Roman leader who gave new strength to magistrates who commanded Rome's legions
 * Marius**

constantly attempted to defeat Rome. Was nominated dictator, retracted power of the Tribues, and rebuilt the roman constitution through harsh and bloody means.
 * Sulla**

Former alli of Sulla who undermined his new regime. Formed the military leg first Triumvirate with Crassus and Caesar before taking power while Caesar was out at Gaul until finally being defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus.
 * Pompey "The Great"**

Wealthy leg of the first triumvirate that assisted Pompey in the defeat of Sulla and the running of Rome before being defeated and kicked out of the first Triumvirate by Pompey.
 * Crassus**

Cicero Orator who tried to help the average Roman (plebeians) gain control from Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, but went unsupported when he suggested that they all join together to resist. Spoke the (second) Philippics, in a reference to the Philippics of Demosthenes.

Julius Caesar Alli of Crassus and Pompey in the Second Triumvirate. Well liked politician who gained for provincial governorship of Gaul, which he then conquered with his troops while gaining their loyalty before crossing the Rubicon to take control by force from Pompey, which he eventually gained at the Battle of Pharsalus. He then enacted multiple reforms that benefitted the common people, but caused fear in the Patricians and senators that he was becoming too powerful and would soon attempt to become king (a well-founded fear that grew after he declared himself "dictator for life" in 44 bc) resulting in his assasination.

Cato Spokesman of a small group of extremist conservatives in the senate that convinced Pompey to kick Crassus out of the second triumvirate.

Son of Caesar, who gave power back to the Roan government, was revered and loved, called "Augustus/First Citizen" and member of the second Triumvirate who defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium (31 b.c.).
 * Octavian**

Husband of Cleopatra, former member of the 2nd Triumvirate who attempted to overcome Octavian, but lost at the Battle of Actium (31 b.c.) before committing suicide upon learning that Cleopatra had committed suicide because she'd received false information that he'd died in battle.
 * Mark Anthony**

Battle at which Octavian defeated Anthony and Cleopatra, thereby gaining control of the entire roman empire.
 * Battle of Actium (31 b.c.)**

Octavian's second name. "First Citizen"
 * Augustus**

Another term for "First Citizen" - Augustus/Octavian.
 * Princeps**

Open place of Roman activity over what used to be a swamP.
 * The Forum**

Central sewer system of Rome that drained the swamp of the Forum into the Tiber.
 * Cloaca Maxima**

Hill on which Tarquin built a temple to Jupiter. Was also a citadel (top of hill for defense in case of an attack on the city).
 * Capitoline Hill**

Major Roman roads originated as military roads only that became trade and travel routs as well.
 * Via Appia**

Water carrying channels throughout Rome. Main plumbing systems.
 * Aqueduct**

Public halls which served as courts, offices, and markets.
 * Bascillae**

The working-class district of Rome.
 * Subura**

Sacred street in Rome, the largest running straight through the city that was used for religious or political processions.
 * Via Sacra**

Arena at which there were chariot races, games, public fights, military shows, etc.
 * Circus Maximus**

5 time Roman Senator, defeated Ligurians. Elected dictator of rome in 217 in the face of the Carthiginian ordeal, the earthquake, and Hannibal. Managed to delay and tantalize Hannibal long enough to prevent an outright defeat of Rome.
 * Quintus Fabius Maximus**

Strong Carthaginian general that invaded Spain around 218. Hannibal's father that intended to defeat Rome, but never lived to succeed.
 * Hamilcar Barca**

Hamilcar's son, attacked and gained Saguntum (city with treaty with Rome not to expand into Roman boundaries) sparking fear in the Romans. This served as only a prelude to his eventual, almost successful attempts to take Rome.
 * Hannibal**

Military defeat where Rome was defeated by Hannibal even though they had twice as many troops as he did. (Paullus and Varro vs. Hannibal)
 * Battle of Cannae**

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio**

Important military reformer that gained political power (consulship 7 times) through the alliegiance of his troops, not because of noble birth. Made multiple military reforms, such as repealing the land-ownership filter on joining the military.
 * Gaius Marius**

War started when Rome stepped in to prevent the slaughter of Italians by the king Jugurtha
 * Jugurthine War**

King of Numidia who randomly kills Italians and fights both Marius and Sulla, before eventually being captured by means of Sulla.
 * Jugurtha**

General under Marius who went around him to gain fame for himself by arranging the capture of Jugurtha.
 * Lucius Cornelius Sulla**

A javelin with a curved hook.
 * Plium**

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers
 * Marcus Tullius Cicero**

Case in which Cicero represented a man accused of killing his father. Cicero won, against Sulla's (then dictator) wishes and took an extended holiday afterwards to avoid vengeance before returning upon Sulla's death.
 * Trial of Roscius**

Trial at which Cicero prosecuted Verres who had been mismanaging and laundering the funds of Sicily. Cicero beat Quintus Hortensius, then seen to be the greatest orator of the time.
 * Trial of Verres**

Conspiracy in which a senator named Catiline planned to assasinate Cicero and his fellow consul Antonius, and then take control himself. Cicero exposed him in front of the senate, and Antonius defeated Catiline and his army, killing Catiline in the process. Cicero then had all of Catiline's fellow conspirators strangled to death without trial resulting in his later voluntary exile due to a law that called for the banishment of anyone who brought about the death of a Roman citizen without trial.
 * Catiline conspiracy**

Three-way dictatorship created by Mark Anthony, Octavian, and Lepidus that killed Cicero.
 * 2nd Triumvirate**

Debt-ridden aristocrat known for sketchy dealings that planned to kill Cicero, but failed.
 * Catiline**

The parrtnership of Caesar (the influential politican), Pompey (the able military general), and Crassus (the wealthy financier) that together planned to manipulate the Roman government to gain power for themselves.
 * First Triumvirate**

Region which Caesar was partially governor, the rest which he attempted to conquer while he was governor. On these conquests he proved himself to be an amazing tactician and also physically powerful, with high endurance and he gained the loyalty of his troops, which eventually paid off when he asked them to cross the Rubicon with him, in open defiance of the senate.
 * Gaul**

River which Caesar crossed at his point of contingence: crossing the river meant openly defying the senate and a forceful seizure of control.
 * Rubicon River**

Battle at which Caesar defeated Pompey though outnumbered two to one, making him effectively ruler of Rome.
 * Battle of Pharsalus**

Important Roman religious festival at which the first performances of Greek-based Roman productions were displayed.
 * Ludi Romani**

"Master of Roman Comedy", famous Roman comedian playwright. Was formerly a Greek that became a Roman citizen and worked as a stage-carpenter before beginning to adapt and write comedies of straight jokes and cheap humor.
 * Plautus**

"Master of Roman Comedy", famous North African playwright that had formerly been a Roman slave and was then educated and freed, before becoming a playwright who stuck as close to possible to the orginal greek scripts, injecting much less of the easy-laugh comedy that Plautus had implemented in favor of sophisticated plot lines that were aimed at the upper-class, educated Romans.
 * Terence**

Founder of the Roman people, supposed ancestor of the Julii clan. Prince of troy who escaped the burning city carrying his aged father on his back, and was supposedly prophesied by the goddess Venus to have founded the Roman civilization.
 * Aeneas**

the practice of outward expansion of a nation.
 * Imperialism**

Member of the 2nd Triumvirate. Important enough threat to Octavian's power for Octavian to approach him to be a member of the 2nd triumvirate, but he was eventually pushed out of the Triumvirate by Octavian and Mark Anthony when they saw that he was of little use or threat to them.
 * Lepidus**

Old fashioned Roman orator and eventually censor who fought against Hannibal and believed that Greek influence would eventually be the downfall of Rome. He was extremely austere man who didn't drink while on military campaign and despised any entity that wasn't for a function.
 * Cato the Elder**

Grand speeches given by the Romans in imitation of Greek-style political speeches.
 * Orations**

Roman political office which took the census, controlled all public building projects, and "watched over the morals of the people" and could therefore kick anyone out of the senate if guilty of unscrupulous behavior.
 * Censor**

Public, water-carrying structures, like above-ground pipelines throughout Rome.
 * Aqueduct**

Two-time Roman tribune that bypassed the senate in order to get land reforms passed for the greater benefit of the plebeians. Was clubbed to death when fear sparked that he was becoming so popular with the common people that he would declare himself king.
 * Tiberius Gracchus**

Two-time Roman tribune that passed reforms such as grain subsidation to the greater benefit of the plebeians. Was clubbed to death when fear among the senate sparked that he was becoming so popular that he would declare himself king.
 * Gaius Gracchus**

Civil war in which Rome's Italian allies and controlled-nations rebelled against Rome in protest of the fact that they had assisted Rome in gaining all it's territory, and yet they weren't granted the same rights as legitimate Roman citizens. These people created their own capital and currency, and eventually gained citizenship to all free male Italians.
 * The Social War/Italian War**

Political group made up of the common people of Rome. The united force with skilled politicians that would grow to counter the senate, or Optimates (patrician/wealthy Roman) party.
 * Populares**

o Augustus' stepson that succeeded him. Was paranoid and therefore reclusive, deprived the plebeian assembly of the right of electing officials.
 * Tiberius**

o Elite guard of 9 cohorts of 5 men established by Augustus for the protection of the emperor and his family.
 * Praetorian Guard**

o Praetorian prefect entrusted with control of the empire by Tiberius while he spent 11 years on an island. Eventually planned to take power, and intimidated the now-purely-for-show senate. Was found out and killed, but caused a renewed paranoia in Tiberius, causing him to usher in a new policy of treason accusing and murder.
 * Sejanus**

o Son of Tiberius who took action to un-do most of his father's work, banishing informants, decreasing taxes, and releasing political prisoners that had been victims of his father's paranoia. Eventually however he lost touch with reality and began referring to himself as a god and suggesting that his horse should become a consul. He spent lavishly, sucking the Roman finances dry, and acted cruelly, causing him to be assassinated 4 years after he gained control.
 * Gaius Caligula**

• Mother to Nero, wife to Claudius, who she killed after convincing to make Nero his successor.
 * Agrippina**

N**ero** • Great-Great-Grandson of Augustus. Son of Agrippina, stepson of Claudius. Killed his mother, claudius' biological son, and his wife upon gaining power. He assumed absolute power by the age of 22. He partook in musical competitions and chariot races, and may or may not have started a major fire in Rome in order to clear land for a giant palace that he whished to build. After the fire, Nero organized homeless shelters, launced rebuilding projects, and introduced a new building code to reduce the risk of future fires. He blamed this fire on the Christians, however, and had them all put to death in cruel manners. His luxurious and cruel behavior led to discontent and conspiracies, which led to his paranoia and implementation of mass-treason executions. This caused discontent, and finally the armies of Spain and Gaul marched on Rome, and Nero killed himself to avoid being killed by them.

• Nero's philospher tutor, who probably noticed the forboding signs of the maniac that would grow, and therefore encouraged and guided him to l ook in himself for "goodness". And had him write essays about virtue and good qualities.
 * Seneca**

• (64 BC) Giant fire that began at the Circus Maximus and burned for 9 days. It destroyed 10 of Rome's 14 districts, conveniently creating prime land for Nero's Golden House. After the fire, Nero organized homeless shelters, launced rebuilding projects, and introduced a new building code to reduce the risk of future fires. He also took the best land and instead of rebuilding for the public, turned it into his own personal palace, or Domus Aureus.
 * The Great Fire**

o Nero's amazing palace built after a giant fire that burned prime real estate for his palace. This aroused suspicion that Nero himself had it set in order to gain the space in the otherwise crowded Rome.
 * Domus Aurea (Golden House)**

(69 CE)o Year of four-way civil war among Galba, governor of a Spanish province, Otho, commander of another Spanish province, Vitellus, commander of Rhine, and Vespasian, commander of Eastern troops. o Galba was lynched by the Romans and replaced by Otho, who committed suicide after being defeated by Vitellus, and Vitellus committed himself to "unrestrained gluttony" until dying before Vespasian, after seizing control of Egypt and therefore Italy's grain supply, marched on Rome and took control.
 * Year of the Four Emperors**

o General who seized Rome after Vitellus, had this power legitimized by the Senate (getting the approval of the senate calmed Roman fear of an absolute tyrant who disregarded the traditional senate). He established a vital mutual relationship with the Senate, and ruled and administered moderately and with wisdom. His policies include "extending citizenship to provincials...granting citizenship to....men who [served in the] auxilia" and entrusting high administrative positions to equestrians and senators as opposed to ex-slaves.
 * Vespasian**

T**itus** o Son of Vespasiain who ruled for only 2 years, though he managed to complete the colosseum.

o City buried in ashes by Mt. Vesuvius' eruption.
 * Pompeii**

o Vespasian's second son who ruled after Titus. He blatantly disregarded the senate, was highly arrogant, but an efficient administrator nonetheless. He also imposed treason trials and a period of terror, and was assassinated in 96 AD.
 * Domitian**

o Freedmen responsible for watching the city for crimes or fires. Organized in groups, each groups assigned a region to guard.
 * Vigiles**

large roofed buildings used mostly for legal matters
 * bascilla**

o Made of semi-circular wooden frames, which were then covered with blocks of stone. The last block that fit the middle and was a slightly different shape than the others was called the "key stone". The frame was then removed. From these came "vaults, domes, and cross-vaults"
 * Arch**

o The stone in the middle of an arch. It's pressure was essential to the holding together of the arch
 * Keystone**

o The result of a number of Arches placed side by side.
 * Vault**

o The result of a number of vaults placed intersecting each other.
 * Dome**

o A solution of volcanic dust and lime mortar which made up the stones for arches.
 * Concrete**

o Roman Amphitheatre begun by Vespasian and completed by Titus. Three levels structured primarily of arches, with technical lifts to raise animals to the main level, the ability to flood and drain the arena for naval battles, and a giant awning that was retractable to provide shade for spectators.
 * Colosseum**

o Public baths. Designed instricately and lavishly to prevent the commoners from becoming too putout or noticing too deeply the great gap between the high and low classes. Rooms were either codl baths or successively warmer ones, with dressing rooms and a final massage room.
 * Thermae**

o Roman exercise courts next to the thermae.
 * Palasestrae**

o When the original forum became to small, and was expanded upon by successive emperors, eventually Trajan orchestrated the creation of a forum larger than the original and all of the other additions put together. It was 400 sq. ft. with shops up to three stories high. Contains "Trajan's Column", a column made to recout Trajan's campaign in Dacia.
 * Trajan's Market**

The first emperor chosen by the senate, an old, moderate senator. The first distinction at which the senate chose the Empire over the Republic. Also started the trend of adopting one's successor (merit based to ensure an able ruler, also he never had sons)
 * Nerva**

o The emperors after Nerva who issued in a period of peace and prosperity for Rome.
 * Five Good Emperors**

o Adopted successor to Nerva. Spanish.
 * Trajan**

o column commemorating his campaigns in Dacia, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, and the Parthia.
 * Trajan's Column**

o Adopted successor of Trajan. Spent many years touring the provinces to assess the empire in order to make more educated decisions when governing. He also withdrew from Trajan's conquests (above) And built "Hadrian's Wall" in an attempt to clarify define and adhere to Rome's natural boundaries.
 * Hadrian**

o Wall built in Britain by Hadrian in order to create a definitive boundary.
 * Hadrian's Wall**

o Last of the "Five Good Emperors". During his reign the first "cracks" of Rome began to appear: Boundary issues with barbarians attempting to migrate into the Empire, and Plague.
 * Marcus Aurelius**

o Inherited the throne from his father, Marcus Aurelius. Appeased the barbarians in order to relax into a lazy and lavish rein. Renamed Rome: Commodiana. Gave powers to advisers as opposed to ruling himself, and threatened treason trials in order to get money from the rich. Was assassinated.
 * Commodus**

o Commodus' appionted successor, previously Marcus Aurelius' right-hand man. Trid to change too much too fast, causing slight fear and disconent with those affected (the Praetorean Guard), resulting in his assassination.
 * Pertinax**

o Old, incapable senator who bought the office of senator before being assassinated and replaced with Septimius Severus.
 * Didius Julianus**

o First African Emperor. Winner of the power vacuum after the assassination of Pertinax. Imposed tax upon Italians and doubled taxes elsewhere in order to pay for extensive, but successful military campaigns.
 * Septimius Severus**

o Son of Severus, murdered his brother Geta. Increased the pay for the army by 50% and paid barbarians to not invade Rome. He was violent and greedy, and was assassinated by his Praetorian Prefect.
 * Caracalla**

o Restorer of political stability after many random rulers who only lived for a short time. Divided the empire into two. Maximized the importance of the soldiers, making Rome a military state, and the soldiers high class. Attempted to control inflation, and establish a new system of succession, involving the Augusti and their Caesars. The senate was made irrelevant and never issued a decree after 280.
 * Diocletian**

System instituted by Diocletian as a last-ditch effort to save Rome. Split the empire into East and West, each ruled by an Augustus. Those regions were then split again, and half was ruled by a Caesar, chosen successor of the Augustus. On a map, the spheres of control make the pattern "CACA"
 * Tetrachy**

o Winner of the power struggle after Diocletian, who slowly re-conquered the entire empire to become sole emperor, believing that Diocletian's division of the empire was a mistake. First emperor to convert to Christianity, and legalize it, ending the Christian persecutions. Used state money to build many churches, held a meeting with all major Christian leaders to firmly define Christianity, and was baptised on his deathbed.
 * Constantine**

o New capital of Rome, moved because the west had been stripped bare of all it's resources, whereas the east was untapped. By moving the capital Constantine placed himself nearer the clean, untouched resources. This also enabled him to better guard the boundaries at which the barbarians posed the greatest threat.
 * Constantinople**

o The last emperor of Rome (the West) before he was set aside (not killed) by a Germanic general who made himself emperor.
 * Romulus Augustulus**

o Giant farming enterprises of many small farms bought up by one person and turned into one giant farm for the profit of the owner.
 * Latifundia**

o Basically share-croppers. Those whose farms were bought and turned into latifundia, and they worked and stayed on the land for a small portion of the harveset.
 * Coloni**

o In the center of the city, a marketplace and public-meeting area. There were "colonnades," or covered walkways lined with columns to offer shade or shelter from the weather.
 * Forum**

o Covered walkways in the Forum lined with columns to offer shade or shelter from the weather.
 * Colonnade**

Townhomes in the city for the rich Romans. Guarded by a statue of Hermes, supposedly to prevent evil from entering the home, domi consisted of an ornately decorated and furnished with a large sky-light in the roof, corridors leading to multiple bedrooms, servants' quarters, a study, the kitchen, the dining room, bathrooms, and a garden.
 * Domus**

Awfully built, crowded, dangerous apartments that the typical Roman lived in (in the cities). The ground floor was small shops and the upper floors (up to 5 stories) contained usually one or two room apartments. These often collapsed upon themselves, crushing residents. There was no running water, so residents had to go to public fountains and carry water up to their apartments. There was also no plumbing or bathrooms, resulting in public bathrooms on the bottom floors of the insulae. These were apparently open, public, and a great place for meetings.
 * Insulae**

fancy country estate, elaborately decorated, surrounded by gardens and farms
 * Villa**

small, up to 3 bedrooms, built of stone, wood, or thatch. Dirt floors, sparsely furnished, and a central hearth for cooking and heating.
 * Farmhouse**

Roman water-piping systems carrying water across the countryside or to the city generally from mountain springs
 * Aqueduct**

o The longest road through Italy (366 miles)
 * Appian Way (Via Appia)**

o Small shops in a Roman city
 * Tabernae**

o The temple of Jupiter (and Juno and Minerva) at the top of Capitol Hill. It was rebuilt and improved upon many times until it consisted almost entirely fo white marble, with a giant gold and ivory statue of Jupiter, and other statues of Juno and Minerva. There is also a big bronze sculpture of Jupiter riding in a chariot It is supposedly the symbol of the Roman spirit.
 * Capitolium**

o A police-force created by Augustus to counteract the bad people that lurked and committed crimes at night (because there were no streetlights).
 * Urban Cohorts**

o artwork created by the gluing together of many colored tiles.
 * Mosaics**

o The poorest and most densely inhabited area of the city of Rome. "The projects"
 * The Subura**

o Entrance hall to a domus with a skylight and basin to catch water that comes in the skyligt. Highly decorated, where the paterfamilias greeted guests.
 * Atrium**

o Shrine to the gods in the typical domus atrium
 * Lararium**

o A lifelike mask of a family's most important ancestor that was placed on the lararium and worshiped.
 * Imago**

o The Roman dining room.
 * Triclinium**

o Giant garden borrowed from the Greeks in the back of Roman domi.
 * Peristyle**

o Central heating systems of the ancient Romans.
 * Hypocaust**

Main river through the Roman empire.
 * Tiber River**

Natives of central Italy
 * The Latins**

Natives of Northern Italy
 * Eutruscans**

Rods with a wooden X carried in front of an important person with Imperium.
 * Fasces**

Germanic tribes to the north of Rome.
 * Gauls**

Power of the tribunes to reject.
 * Veto**

Systematic death list of a political group or candidate's opposition.
 * Proscription**

Highest honorable Roman office, conducted census and administrated over paperwork concerning citizenship.
 * Censor**

Administrator of the judicial system. Rung of the Cursus Honorum above Aedile/Consul, below Consul
 * Praetor**

Administrator in charge of maintenance of public buildings and the putting on of games.
 * Aedile**

Absolute Ruler
 * Dictator**

Title awarded to a general by his troops
 * Triumph**

"Supreme Commander" Title awarded to a victorious general.
 * Imperator**

The first half of the Empire. (Augustus-Commodus)
 * Principate**

Second half of the Empire (Commodus-Augustulus Romulus).
 * Dominate**

Region ruled by a provincial governor.
 * Province**

Ruler of a province, office below Proconsul, often awarded after consulship has ended.
 * Provincial Governor**

Collectors of taxes
 * Tax Collectors**

Coins made during Augustus' rein with his image.
 * Denarius**

"New Man", first of a family to hold an elected office.
 * Novus Homo**

The patrician or higher class political party who believed that the senate should hold most of the power.
 * Optimates**

A group consisting of 3-5,000 soldiers.
 * Legion**

Soldiers who fought in legions and were armed with short swords and javelins (pilum).
 * Legionaries**

The turtle like formation soldier fought in to deflect arrows. Soldiers were close together and used their curved shields as cover.
 * Testudo formation**

When soldiers ran away from battle, they were in groups of ten and pulled straws. The one with the short straw was killed by the other nine who had long straws.
 * Decimation**

Soldiers that were not citizens and were not as important if they were to be killed. If they served for 24 years, they gained citizenship.
 * Auxilia**

The group of 15 senators that sets the agenda for the senate.
 * Consilium**

The count of citizens in Rome.
 * Census**

The revolt during Nerva's reign and that was put down by Titus.
 * 1st Jewish Revolt**

The temple to all of the Roman gods that was a giant dome.
 * Panthenon**

Chief priest to a state region.
 * Pontifex Maximus**

Priest who read the augury (the flight pattern of birds).
 * Augurs**

Book of oracles and prophecies.
 * Sybiline Books**

Philosophy of Greece, where virtue is the most important and one should endure pain.
 * Stoicism**

The group of people that pushed the Gauls into Rome.
 * Huns**

Tribes of Germans who fought against the Romans.
 * Germanic Tribes**

The persecution of the Christians set up by Diocletian and was the first persecution that was done throughout the empire.
 * Diocletian Persecution**

A person who is killed because of religious beliefs, i.e. the Christians.
 * Martyr**

The time of peace.
 * Pax Deorum**

When the empire was divided in half by Diocleatian and each half was referred to as a tetrarch.
 * Tetrarch**

The main ruler in charge of each tetrarch.
 * Augusti**

Those who assisted the Augusti as well as ruler over part of the tetrarch.
 * Caesares**

The edict that allows Christianity and was passed by Constantine.
 * Edict of Milan**

The creed by Constantine that summarizes the Christian religion.
 * Nicene Creed**

The germanic tribe in Spain that attacked rome in 410 CE.
 * Visigoths**

The germanic tribe in the south that attacked Rome in 455 CE.
 * Vandals**

A testimonial outside of a court.
 * Depose**

The final Roman empire in the south that lasts for 1000 years after the fall of the north.
 * Byzantine Empire**

Interpreting the flight path of birds
 * Augury**

Interpreting the inards of a sacrificed animal
 * Auspices**

A draft
 * Conscription**

tenant farmers bound to their land
 * Coloni**

Javelin
 * Pilum**