Greece

toc
 * Greece**

Bronze Age

 * Minoans
 * Island of Crete
 * Knossos-->capital
 * Redistributive Economy
 * large warehouses
 * No Protective Walls
 * Bullies--> no threat of attack
 * Trade
 * Thalassocracy
 * Tribute Takers
 * Strategic Position to take tolls/protective payment
 * Art
 * Bull leaping
 * Snake Godesses
 * Frescoes
 * Sea Life
 * Palace at Knossos
 * Columns
 * wider at top, painted red
 * Labyrinth
 * Linear A (we can't read it)
 * COLLAPSE
 * Thera Eruption--> tsunami
 * Mycenaeans occupy Crete
 * Mycenaeans
 * Linear B
 * earliest form of Greek
 * Southern Mainland
 * Pelponnese
 * Control/Influence
 * strongly influenced other city-states
 * Palaces
 * walled
 * small
 * Schliemann
 * idiot architect
 * claimed to find Agamemnon mask
 * COLLAPSE
 * Dorian invasion?
 * War
 * series of civil wars
 * Trojan war
 * heroes return to find homes in ruins
 * Sea People
 * trade breaks down
 * THEN, Dorians arrive

The Dark Age

 * Localized Aristocracy
 * rich emerged as dominant due to horses
 * Unspecialized Workers
 * many people abandoned cities to grow food
 * hardy any food surplus
 * No centralized gov't or law code
 * No International Trade
 * Dramatic Drop in Population
 * Pottery
 * "Do it Yourself" Pottery
 * Geometric Style
 * Wheel
 * suggests re-emergance of specialized workers
 * Homer
 * describes Bronze Age Mycenaeans
 * composed during Dark Age
 * written down at start of Archaic
 * Military
 * one on one combat
 * chivalric code
 * didn't want to kill family members
 * Meter
 * rhythm of poetry
 * long and short vowels
 * makes it easier to memorize

The Archaic Period

 * Triggered by Trade w/ Phoenicians--> Tyre
 * Purple Dye
 * "color of kings"
 * Persian kings wore purple
 * Empire based on trade
 * Naval Power
 * false stories about sea monsters to prevent competition
 * Iron Working
 * < Economy ||< Population ||< Government ||
 * < * resumption of international trade
 * Commercial Revolution
 * increased number of specialized workers ||< * Population boom
 * colonization
 * search for better farming
 * led to colonization ||< * rise of city states
 * tyranny gradually replaces aristocratic oligarchy ||
 * < Culture ||< Technology ||< Military ||
 * < * Homer's Epics written down
 * Black figure pottery
 * lyric poetry ||< * Phoenician influence leads to the development of the Greek alphabet
 * regained Bronze working
 * gain Iron working ||< * Inexpensive Iron weaponry
 * rise of hoplite warfare ||
 * Commercial Revoltion
 * Greece begins to trade
 * political and economical power used to be based on land
 * trading was considered "risky"
 * had to get a loan to buy the boat
 * had to be successful
 * IF you do this well, you become INSTANTLY RICH
 * IF you FAIL, you pay off debts with debt slavery
 * unhappy freeborn citizens who are now slaves
 * New business/ middle class
 * fast MONEY from trade
 * no political power
 * displeased because usually wealth= power
 * Aristocrats
 * already inherited land wealth
 * had political power
 * **but**--> lost money to the new middle class
 * CLASS TENSIONS
 * civil wars...
 * The Hoplite
 * earlier--> aristocratic cavalry--> advantage to rich
 * weapons= leftover bronze weapons (only wealthy had these)
 * individual skill
 * **now**--> hoplite warfare
 * weapons= iron (**everyone** can afford)--> poor are equal to rich
 * Phalanxes
 * individualism does **not** matter
 * act as a **unit**
 * everyone pushes as hard as they can and point their spears out
 * hold shields in front
 * the Hoplite soldier
 * spear and shield
 * bronze tip spear
 * sword is backup weapon
 * rich have better armor
 * Helmet--> iron
 * designed differently in each region
 * "T slit"
 * shields are large and round
 * painted reinforced iron
 * greaves and shinguards--> optional--> bronze
 * //Spartans//
 * red cape
 * "hid" wounds
 * Shield
 * Greek letter 'Lmada " (upside down "V"--> ^)
 * Lyric Poetry
 * complete; short poems
 * Author is expressing feelings in a __personal__ way
 * //vulnerability//
 * poetry told in bars to drunk men
 * __Archilochus__
 * he fled and left his shield
 * weenie--> didn't want to die
 * **living matters,** not pride
 * making fun of **Homer ideals**
 * 2 virtues
 * physical trophies you gain from victories
 * reputation
 * only form of immortality to humans
 * other poems were about unsuccessful love life
 * __Sappho__
 * Island of Lesbos--> love men and womed--> "lesbians"
 * highly esteemed and bisexual
 * Poems about the moon and some girl she's attracted to
 * emotions--> **not heroic**
 * individual poet--> intimate
 * **HOMER would see this as EMBARASSING
 * Tyranny
 * **ECONOMIC DISCONTENT** + **HOPLITE WARFARE** = **POLITICAL UPHEAVAL**
 * Economic Discontent || Hoplite Warfare || Political upheaval ||
 * * New rich want political power to match their wealth
 * Debt slaves and the poor are unhappy with their situation || * Iron Weapons
 * numbers and discipline, not equipment and skill determine the victors
 * Thus, Aristocrats no longer have the advantage || * All over Greece, aristocratic oligarchies are violently overthrown
 * Tyrants are put in power by the masses, who are sometimes just as quick to overthrow them ||
 * *Spartans DON'T flee--> identity is lost if you flee
 * brotherhood-->Spartiates--> together in the barracks for 13 years
 * weird thing--> new rich and poor __overthrow Aristocracy__ BUT they picked an __**Aristocrat**__ to be tyrant

Sparta

 * early on, Sparta conquered its neighbors and turned them into a servant class called //helots//
 * After this, no more Greeks conquer Greeks, only **bullying**
 * Huge helot rebellion
 * almost succeeded and defeated Sparta
 * Led Sparta to transform into a military state
 * Code of Lycurgus
 * left infants out to die
 * (not every baby dies, some are "adopted"/ picked up)
 * At age 7 boys move to barracks
 * harsh competitive games
 * stealing without getting caught
 * fatalities
 * Kryteia
 * perios of hiding
 * at age 20, become soldiers but still live in barracks
 * syssicion
 * kinda like fraternities
 * At age 30, males allowed to vote and live at home, but serve in the military until age 60
 * Spartan women were also tough--> responsible for running the estates while their husbands we gone
 * Social Classes in Sparta
 * Spartiates--> full citizens
 * Periokoi--> free but not citizens, merchants and Artisans, serve in military but not in exclusive Phalanxes
 * could win Spartiate status through outstanding displays of courage
 * Helots
 * Most people in Sparta are Helots
 * own houses, raise children, 50% of crops to the Spartiates, MUST be farmers
 * Spartan Government
 * **2 Kings** ||  || **5 Ephors** ||
 * * acted primarily as generals
 * kept in check by the Ephors
 * Only one king went on campaign with the troops ||  || * elected annually
 * supervised training and conduct
 * Acted as judges in civil disputes
 * presided over assemblies ||
 * || **Gerousia** ||  ||
 * || * Council of elders
 * 28 men over sixty, plus the Kings
 * Served for Life
 * Prepared proposals for the Apella ||  ||
 * || **Apella** ||  ||
 * || * Assembly of all adult Spartiate males
 * voted yes or no on proposals w/o debate
 * Elected Ephors and Gerousia ||  ||
 * 2 kings
 * kings are not powerful at home
 * "generals"
 * Ephors
 * most powerful individuals in Sparta
 * "specialized power"
 * checks on king
 * training the young
 * judges of disputes
 * Gerousia
 * elected by applause
 * more control over decisions
 * assumption that with **age** comes **wisdom**
 * Athens does not have that assumption
 * Apella
 * Decision making power
 * all spartan men vote equally
 * not for debates and rowdiness
 * 'Quick and easy' (unlike Athens)

Athens

 * Tyranny
 * Greece violently overthrew their oligarchs and established tyranny
 * Solon given absolute power to fix problems so oligarchs could retain power
 * did what he could, but it wasn't enough
 * After Solon, the people rose up to overthrow the oligarchs and establish tyranny
 * Pisistratus became tyrant and improved trade
 * his son was unpopular and overthrown
 * Democracy in Athens
 * Divided into mountains, city, and shore
 * Cleithenes
 * ten tribes
 * built out of demes (voting districts)
 * divides all of Attica (everyone)
 * demes are extremely small
 * 200 or so
 * one of three categories
 * city, mountain, shore
 * puts some of each category of demes into the ten tribes
 * this system **dilutes** t**he influence of the aristocrats**


 * Structure of Athenian Democracy
 * Prytany || Boule || Ekklesia ||
 * * day to day administration
 * 1 month
 * lived in the tholos
 * daily chairman
 * //council members chose by lot, except for 10 strategoi// || * council of 500
 * selected by allotment
 * prepared agenda for ekklesia
 * supervised all officials
 * met everyday that wasn't a holiday
 * only served twice
 * not eligible if served in the last 10 years || * all voters are members
 * vote by show of hands
 * influenced by persuasive speakers
 * met 2-4 times a month
 * madhouse of yelling and debating
 * if you didn't go, you were splattered with red paint ||
 * **no permanent government workers! not professionals!**
 * Advantages: everyone gains experience and participation
 * Disadvantages: amateurs, hard to build efficiency, some people were not capable (illiterate)
 * Strategoi are the loophole
 * elected
 * no limit--> Dominant
 * Demogogues (speakers in boule) also had a lot of power
 * allotment-
 * drawing marbles (black marbles mean you're chosen)
 * voters
 * anyone who was male, over 18, athenian parents, free (citizen)
 * Ostracism-
 * exiled from city for 10 years
 * do not lose any land
 * if you are too popular and becoming too powerful
 * indirect compliment
 * Jury
 * So big, you can't bribe 1000 people
 * the bigger the crime, the bigger the jury

Classical Greece
Athens vs. Sparta || Tear down long walls ||
 * The Persian Wars
 * (see Persia)
 * Theatre
 * City Dionysia (Athens)
 * Procession and sacrifices to Dionysus
 * competing playwrights completed 3 tragedies plues a shorter comic satyr
 * granted a chorus paid for by a choregos
 * rich man
 * expected to make gift to the city (litergy)
 * pride and public recognition were important
 * hires the chorus and buys the props
 * judged by 10 citizens
 * only 5's votes counted
 * won ivy wreaths
 * Performance
 * 1-3 actors
 * all male
 * Masks, props and costumes
 * allow actors to play multiple parts
 * chorus of 15
 * importance decreases over time with more actors
 * Ekkyklema & Machina
 * Why is Government so involved?
 * religious
 * enhances credibility and pride
 * moral benefit
 * Tragedy
 * ugliness and evil
 * **everyone bears the responsibility for the consequences of their actions**
 * Aeschylus
 * Agamemnon, Orestia
 * added a 2nd actor
 * moral/religious focus
 * grand sweeping style
 * Sophocles
 * Oedipus the King
 * added a 3rd actor
 * focused on character motivation
 * chorus less important
 * Euripedes
 * Medea
 * uses the Deus Machina a lot
 * gods resolve plots at the end
 * questioned traditional values
 * characters are more real and less noble
 * Changes in Pottery
 * Archaic
 * black figure pottery
 * Classical
 * red figure pottery
 * paint vase black & scrape off black paint to reveal naturally red clay
 * red figure allows for more detail
 * Sculpture
 * Archaic
 * Kauros & Kore statues
 * youths
 * funerary
 * grave markers
 * commemerative
 * girls are fully clothed
 * *women who are not goddesses always have clothes
 * boys are nude
 * sexual was acceptable for men
 * stiff (Egyptain like)
 * left foot forward
 * braided hair
 * almond eyes
 * All sculptures were painted
 * **static**
 * not really proportional
 * Classical Period
 * all muscles are accurate
 * **Dynamic**
 * the discus thrower
 * **very** accurate
 * idealism
 * pose was designed with visual appeal in mind
 * not actually how you throw a discus
 * mathematical genius
 * Romas slack off with replications
 * Architecture
 * Columns
 * Pediment, Triglyph, metope, shaft, capital, frieze
 * Corinthian, Doric, Ionic
 * Golden Rectangle-->most pleasing ratio to the eye
 * Pericles
 * Continually reelected strategoi for over 30 years and used his enormous influence to achieve his goals
 * < **Goals** ||< **Means** ||
 * < to make Athens the leader of all greek cities ||< * tried to establish a land empire
 * Moved Delian League treasury to Athens
 * < to increase participation in democracy ||< * payment for serving as a government official or juror
 * expanded number of offices open to lower class citizens ||
 * < To add to Athens prestige/ legacy ||< * Building projects such as the Parthenon and the Long Walls (funded with the Delian league ||
 * Pericle had TOO MUCH POWER and CHEATED the SYSTEM
 * Long walls
 * Athens to Piraeus
 * Peloponnesian War
 * CAUSE || upset with Athens's spending ||
 * OPPONENTS || Delian vs. Pelopponesian
 * OPPONENTS || Delian vs. Pelopponesian
 * STALEMATE || neither could win ||
 * ATHENIAN SETBACK || plague, Sicilian Camapign, Alcibiades ||
 * CONCLUSIONS || Alcibiades tips off persians ||
 * AFTERMATH || 30 tyrants put in charge of Athens