Greece

Bronze Age

• Minoans
  • Island of Crete
    • Knossos-->capital
  • Redistributive Economy
    • large warehouses
  • No Protective Walls
    • Bullies--> no threat of attack
  • Trade
    • Thalassocracy
  • Tribute Takers
    • Strategic Position to take tolls/protective payment
  • Art
    • Bull leaping
    • Snake Godesses
    • Frescoes
      • Sea Life
  • Palace at Knossos
    • Columns
      • wider at top, painted red
    • Labyrinth
  • Linear A (we can't read it)
  • COLLAPSE
    • Thera Eruption--> tsunami
    • Mycenaeans occupy Crete
• Mycenaeans
  • Linear B
    • earliest form of Greek
  • Southern Mainland
    • Pelponnese
  • Control/Influence
    • strongly influenced other city-states
  • Palaces
    • walled
    • small
  • Schliemann
    • idiot architect
    • claimed to find Agamemnon mask
  • COLLAPSE
    • Dorian invasion?
    • War
      • series of civil wars
      • Trojan war
        • heroes return to find homes in ruins
    • Sea People
      • trade breaks down
    • THEN, Dorians arrive

The Dark Age

• Localized Aristocracy
  • rich emerged as dominant due to horses
• Unspecialized Workers
  • many people abandoned cities to grow food
  • hardy any food surplus
• No centralized gov't or law code
• No International Trade
• Dramatic Drop in Population
• Pottery
  • "Do it Yourself" Pottery
  • Geometric Style
    • Wheel
      • suggests re-emergance of specialized workers
• Homer
  • describes Bronze Age Mycenaeans
  • composed during Dark Age
  • written down at start of Archaic
  • Military
    • one on one combat
    • chivalric code
      • didn't want to kill family members
  • Meter
    • rhythm of poetry
      • long and short vowels
    • makes it easier to memorize

The Archaic Period

• Triggered by Trade w/ Phoenicians--> Tyre
  • Purple Dye
    • "color of kings"
    • Persian kings wore purple
  • Empire based on trade
  • Naval Power
    • false stories about sea monsters to prevent competition
  • Iron Working

Economy	Population	Government
resumption of international trade Commercial Revolution increased number of specialized workers	Population boom colonization search for better farming led to colonization	rise of city states tyranny gradually replaces aristocratic oligarchy
Culture	Technology	Military
Homer's Epics written down Black figure pottery lyric poetry	Phoenician influence leads to the development of the Greek alphabet regained Bronze working gain Iron working	Inexpensive Iron weaponry rise of hoplite warfare

• Commercial Revoltion
  • Greece begins to trade
    • political and economical power used to be based on land
    • trading was considered "risky"
      • had to get a loan to buy the boat
      • had to be successful
    • IF you do this well, you become INSTANTLY RICH
    • IF you FAIL, you pay off debts with debt slavery
      • unhappy freeborn citizens who are now slaves
  • New business/ middle class
    • fast MONEY from trade
    • no political power
      • displeased because usually wealth= power
  • Aristocrats
    • already inherited land wealth
    • had political power
    • but--> lost money to the new middle class
    • CLASS TENSIONS
      • civil wars...
• The Hoplite
  • earlier--> aristocratic cavalry--> advantage to rich
    • weapons= leftover bronze weapons (only wealthy had these)
    • individual skill
  • now--> hoplite warfare
    • weapons= iron (everyone can afford)--> poor are equal to rich
    • Phalanxes
      • individualism does not matter
      • act as a unit
      • everyone pushes as hard as they can and point their spears out
        • hold shields in front
  • the Hoplite soldier
    • spear and shield
      • bronze tip spear
    • sword is backup weapon
    • rich have better armor
    • Helmet--> iron
      • designed differently in each region
        • "T slit"
    • shields are large and round
      • painted reinforced iron
    • greaves and shinguards--> optional--> bronze
  • Spartans
    • red cape
      • "hid" wounds
    • Shield
      • Greek letter 'Lmada " (upside down "V"--> ^)
• Lyric Poetry
  • complete; short poems
  • Author is expressing feelings in a personal way
    • vulnerability
  • poetry told in bars to drunk men
  • Archilochus
    • he fled and left his shield
    • weenie--> didn't want to die
    • living matters, not pride
      • making fun of Homer ideals
        • 2 virtues
          • physical trophies you gain from victories
          • reputation
            • only form of immortality to humans
    • other poems were about unsuccessful love life
  • Sappho
    • Island of Lesbos--> love men and womed--> "lesbians"
    • highly esteemed and bisexual
      • Poems about the moon and some girl she's attracted to
        • emotions--> not heroic
        • individual poet--> intimate
    • **HOMER would see this as EMBARASSING
• Tyranny
  • ECONOMIC DISCONTENT + HOPLITE WARFARE = POLITICAL UPHEAVAL

Economic Discontent	Hoplite Warfare	Political upheaval
New rich want political power to match their wealth Debt slaves and the poor are unhappy with their situation	Iron Weapons numbers and discipline, not equipment and skill determine the victors Thus, Aristocrats no longer have the advantage	All over Greece, aristocratic oligarchies are violently overthrown Tyrants are put in power by the masses, who are sometimes just as quick to overthrow them

• *Spartans DON'T flee--> identity is lost if you flee
  • brotherhood-->Spartiates--> together in the barracks for 13 years
• weird thing------> new rich and poor overthrow Aristocracy BUT they picked an Aristocrat to be tyrant

Sparta

• early on, Sparta conquered its neighbors and turned them into a servant class called helots
  • After this, no more Greeks conquer Greeks, only bullying
• Huge helot rebellion
  • almost succeeded and defeated Sparta
    • Led Sparta to transform into a military state
• Code of Lycurgus
  • left infants out to die
    • (not every baby dies, some are "adopted"/ picked up)
  • At age 7 boys move to barracks
    • harsh competitive games
    • stealing without getting caught
    • fatalities
    • Kryteia
      • perios of hiding
  • at age 20, become soldiers but still live in barracks
    • syssicion
      • kinda like fraternities
  • At age 30, males allowed to vote and live at home, but serve in the military until age 60

*Spartan women were also tough--> responsible for running the estates while their husbands we gone

• Social Classes in Sparta
  • Spartiates--> full citizens
  • Periokoi--> free but not citizens, merchants and Artisans, serve in military but not in exclusive Phalanxes
    • could win Spartiate status through outstanding displays of courage
  • Helots
    • Most people in Sparta are Helots
      • own houses, raise children, 50% of crops to the Spartiates, MUST be farmers
• Spartan Government

2 Kings		5 Ephors
acted primarily as generals kept in check by the Ephors Only one king went on campaign with the troops		elected annually supervised training and conduct Acted as judges in civil disputes presided over assemblies
	Gerousia
	Council of elders 28 men over sixty, plus the Kings Served for Life Prepared proposals for the Apella
	Apella
	Assembly of all adult Spartiate males voted yes or no on proposals w/o debate Elected Ephors and Gerousia

• 2 kings
  • kings are not powerful at home
  • "generals"
• Ephors
  • most powerful individuals in Sparta
  • "specialized power"
    • checks on king
    • training the young
    • judges of disputes
• Gerousia
  • elected by applause
  • more control over decisions
  • assumption that with age comes wisdom
    • Athens does not have that assumption
• Apella
  • Decision making power
    • all spartan men vote equally
    • not for debates and rowdiness
      • 'Quick and easy' (unlike Athens)

Athens

• Tyranny
  • Greece violently overthrew their oligarchs and established tyranny
  • Solon given absolute power to fix problems so oligarchs could retain power
    • did what he could, but it wasn't enough
  • After Solon, the people rose up to overthrow the oligarchs and establish tyranny
  • Pisistratus became tyrant and improved trade
    • his son was unpopular and overthrown
• Democracy in Athens
  • Divided into mountains, city, and shore
  • Cleithenes
    • ten tribes
      • built out of demes (voting districts)
    • divides all of Attica (everyone)
    • demes are extremely small
      • 200 or so
    • one of three categories
      • city, mountain, shore
    • puts some of each category of demes into the ten tribes
    • this system dilutes the influence of the aristocrats

• Structure of Athenian Democracy

Prytany	Boule	Ekklesia
day to day administration 1 month lived in the tholos daily chairman council members chose by lot, except for 10 strategoi	council of 500 selected by allotment prepared agenda for ekklesia supervised all officials met everyday that wasn't a holiday only served twice not eligible if served in the last 10 years	all voters are members vote by show of hands influenced by persuasive speakers met 2-4 times a month madhouse of yelling and debating if you didn't go, you were splattered with red paint

• no permanent government workers! not professionals!
  • Advantages: everyone gains experience and participation
  • Disadvantages: amateurs, hard to build efficiency, some people were not capable (illiterate)
  • Strategoi are the loophole
    • elected
    • no limit--> Dominant
  • Demogogues (speakers in boule) also had a lot of power
• allotment-
  • drawing marbles (black marbles mean you're chosen)
• voters
  • anyone who was male, over 18, athenian parents, free (citizen)
• Ostracism-
  • exiled from city for 10 years
  • do not lose any land
  • if you are too popular and becoming too powerful
  • indirect compliment
• Jury
  • So big, you can't bribe 1000 people
  • the bigger the crime, the bigger the jury

Classical Greece

• The Persian Wars
  • (see Persia)
• Theatre
  • City Dionysia (Athens)
    • Procession and sacrifices to Dionysus
    • competing playwrights completed 3 tragedies plues a shorter comic satyr
    • granted a chorus paid for by a choregos
      • rich man
      • expected to make gift to the city (litergy)
      • pride and public recognition were important
      • hires the chorus and buys the props
    • judged by 10 citizens
      • only 5's votes counted
    • won ivy wreaths
  • Performance
    • 1-3 actors
      • all male
    • Masks, props and costumes
      • allow actors to play multiple parts
    • chorus of 15
      • importance decreases over time with more actors
    • Ekkyklema & Machina
  • Why is Government so involved?
    • religious
    • enhances credibility and pride
    • moral benefit
  • Tragedy
    • ugliness and evil
    • everyone bears the responsibility for the consequences of their actions
    • Aeschylus
      • Agamemnon, Orestia
      • added a 2nd actor
      • moral/religious focus
      • grand sweeping style
    • Sophocles
      • Oedipus the King
      • added a 3rd actor
      • focused on character motivation
      • chorus less important
    • Euripedes
      • Medea
      • uses the Deus Machina a lot
        • gods resolve plots at the end
      • questioned traditional values
      • characters are more real and less noble
  • Changes in Pottery
    • Archaic
      • black figure pottery
    • Classical
      • red figure pottery
        • paint vase black & scrape off black paint to reveal naturally red clay
      • red figure allows for more detail
  • Sculpture
    • Archaic
      • Kauros & Kore statues
        • youths
        • funerary
          • grave markers
          • commemerative
        • girls are fully clothed
          • *women who are not goddesses always have clothes
        • boys are nude
      • sexual was acceptable for men
      • stiff (Egyptain like)
      • left foot forward
      • braided hair
      • almond eyes
      • All sculptures were painted
      • static
      • not really proportional
    • Classical Period
      • all muscles are accurate
      • Dynamic
        • the discus thrower
      • very accurate
      • idealism
      • pose was designed with visual appeal in mind
        • not actually how you throw a discus
      • mathematical genius
        • Romas slack off with replications
  • Architecture
    • Columns
    • Pediment, Triglyph, metope, shaft, capital, frieze
    • Corinthian, Doric, Ionic
    • Golden Rectangle-->most pleasing ratio to the eye
  • Pericles
    • Continually reelected strategoi for over 30 years and used his enormous influence to achieve his goals

Goals	Means
to make Athens the leader of all greek cities	tried to establish a land empire Moved Delian League treasury to Athens *
to increase participation in democracy	payment for serving as a government official or juror expanded number of offices open to lower class citizens
To add to Athens prestige/ legacy	Building projects such as the Parthenon and the Long Walls (funded with the Delian league

• Pericle had TOO MUCH POWER and CHEATED the SYSTEM
• Long walls
  • Athens to Piraeus
• Peloponnesian War

CAUSE	upset with Athens's spending
OPPONENTS	Delian vs. Pelopponesian Athens vs. Sparta
STALEMATE	neither could win
ATHENIAN SETBACK	plague, Sicilian Camapign, Alcibiades
CONCLUSIONS	Alcibiades tips off persians
AFTERMATH	30 tyrants put in charge of Athens Tear down long walls