§ Military § Methods, Organization, and Technology § Egypt § Old Kingdom o Weapons § Copper Tipped Spear § Basic (30 foot max) bow § Shield covered with animal hide o Numerous expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods o No standing military, however Egypt had a huge pool of human resources to call up on in times of need. · First few dynasties (began with Narmer ,1st)- o Not many military exploits due to Egypt’s isolation from most of the known world. § Cause of isolation was natural barriers such as the Nile and desert area. o This led to a distorted sense of self importance on the part of the Egyptian, who believed that they were at the center of the universe and that all foreigners were backward barbarians. § · 6th dynasty · Numerous military expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods (cattle and ivory), and root out brigands. However, still remained largely isolated and undisturbed. § Middle Kingdom o Weapons § Same as Old Kingdom o Built numerous forts and walls along borders o Though a full-time professional army was still not a part of Egypt, the pharaoh maintained more troops on extended hitches, training, or guard duty. § This may have been to prevent the nomarchs from challenging the central gov’t, a scenario that led to civil strife and disunity. (The 1st intermediate period) o Army made up of a mix of Egyptian natives and recruited Nubians (known for their archers) o Sensuret III § Particularaly prolific fort builder § Lots of Forts built along Nubian border in order to keep unwanted Nubians out. o 15th & 16th Dynasties § Hyksos had come in from the eastern Mediterranean, and were tolerated b/c the pharaoh’s used their young men in the armies ranks. o § Eventually the Hyksos grew so large in number that they began to take over Egypt, and were able to using a war chariot that they gotten from Asia. o § This led to the Second intermediate period § New Kingdom o Weapons § From the Hyksos · Bronze · Composite Bow · Light Chariot? o Viziers now chosen for their military abilities o Idea of Imperialism brings about aggressive military expansion, pharoahs seeking to show their military virtue, and an increased number of slaves o Thousands of troops on active duty at any given time o Many great warrior Kings - Thutmose III, Ramses II o Conquered Syrians at Megiddo o Many war developments in supplies and tactics § Battle of Kadesh - ranks developed into 4 sections (Amon, Ptah, Ra, and Sutekh) · no clear winner, both sides claimed victory § Overtook Megiddo in chariot and infantry units, trick used at night to finally seize control of the city o · 18th Dynasty (Ahmose) o Led army northward from Thebes and laid siege to Hyksos capital, Avaris § Was not satisfied with merely driving them out, he pusued the Hyksos into Asia and killed or captured a large number of them · 18th Dynasty (Amenhotep I) o Led military campaigns into Nubia and solidifies control over the region. · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I) o Launched Campaigns into both Nubia and Syria · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose III/ General info on battle in 18th Dynasty) o Egyptian “Alexander the Great” o His conquests broadened Egypts Sphere of Influence to about 400,000 sq. miles. o Main enemy was the Mitanni, Northeast of Syria o Mitanni-negociated or made peace deal w/ Kadesh and Megiddo. · Thutmose III marches with larger and more sophisticated army than any that had been put together in the Old and Middle Kingdoms. § Multiple units each featuring a different spezilization of figher, the most promninant being the chariot corps. · Chariot Corps- mobile platform from which warriors could fire arrows from a composite bow (better than a “simple bow,” b/c it was made of several diverse materials including 2 or 3 vareties of wood, animal horn, animal tendonds, and glue), or hurl metal tipped javelins. § In battle, Chariot Corps charged first, unleashing arrows on enemy, and then wheeled around for a second charge. · Chariots never actually made contact b/c they were too light-weight to withstand the actual impact of a full scale charge. § Next, the infantry, “runners,” followed charging the enemy. · It was the infantrymen’s jobs to clear the field of capsized chariots and men. · Infantry was made up of foot-archers and soldiers wielding battle axes, swords, spears, and bows. · Infantry mostly made up native born Egyptians, but as in the past, foreign born soldiers supplemented the ranks. Foreign-born soldiers were Nubian, Lybians(from desert west of Egypt), and those who had been captured and were forced to fight. § China § Shang o Weapons § Bronze halberds (also known as daggar-spears) § Daggars § Beheading axes § Composite bows § Light chariots o Many conflicts between heartland and neighboring tribes. o Enemy tribes had "-fang" suffix added onto the end of their name o Many captives beheaded and used in sacrifice. o Both nobles and "multitudes" fought in battle. o Some women led battles like Fu Hao § Western Zhou o Drummers used to excite troops to charge. o No attacking at night. o Up to a thousand chariots in an army meaning up to ten thousand soldiers accompanying the chariots. o Foot-soldiers would help chariots in battle by flipping over fallen chariots. o Opposing leaders would yell challenges until they agreed to fight. o Captives were used less for sacrifice and now more as slaves. o Siganl lights were used to warn cities of attacks § Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn o Increased attacks from outsiders, increasing internal conflict leading to the selection of a hegemon in times of emergency. § Hegemon was a temporary ruler of all the states. He was chosen by the other leaders of states and was supposed to unite all of China to deal with problems in crisis time. o States constantly consuming one another. (Bigger fish eating little fish) o Increased threat of attack because of decrease in King's power. o Increase in army size led to military generals appointed based on their merit rather than their lineage. § Warring States o 7 major states constantly in conflict for an advantage over one another. o Superiority measured by... § Wealth--bronze vessels, bells, etc. § Military Power--number of chariots § Prestige--Connection to the Zhou house (essentially the Zhou King) o Sun Wu (Sunzi) advocated geurilla tactics and deception § Qin o Nothing.............. § Han o Liu Bang disallowed pillaging of cities. o Lots of new military technologies... § Wheelbarrow--to carry large loads over areas where normal vehicles could not. § Kite--thought to have been a sort of military communication device. § Paper--thick layers (sometimes covered in lacquer) used as armor. § Pre-Persian Empires o Assyria § known for cruel tactics and ruling through fear · Forcing Jews to march to Babylon · Put heads on spikes · flaying o cutting off their skin § Took prisoners back to homeland · prisoners outnumbered Assyrians o Polyglot Society- many languages § could not communicate thus did not rebel § Used Hittie's Military ideas · three man chariot · heavy armor · Iron § Sparabara · archer pairs § Advanced siege tactics · Sappers · Siege tower · Early Battering ram o New Babylonians § Chaldeans and Medes overthrew Assyrians § Sent Jews to Babylon · Began Diaspora § Persian army welcomed into the city o Medes § Horse archers · nobility because of the expensive horses § Spears and Wicker shields · ineffective against swords but light and good for stoping arrows § Created units of the same type · archers, infantry,etc. § Attacks Lydia · Lydians know of the eclipse because of exposure to Greek culture through the Ionian city states. · Medes retreat after the eclipse. § When the Persians conqured them, their generals became generals in the Persian army § Persia o Cyrus (the great) § Rebel against Median control § Conquered Medes § Deafeted Croesus of Lydia § Subdued Ionian City states · part of lydia and when Persians took control Ionians thought they were free, but were sadly wrong § Extended Eastward § Conquered Babylon and Nabonidus o Cambyses § Cyrus' son § short reign but conquered Egypt o Darius I § Conquered Macedonia and Thrace § Fueled helped Ionians in their failed rebellion · Fueled Persian hatred for Athens · Darius sends army to Athens with supply ships o Ships are crushed at Mt. Athos · 2nd attempt was solely by boat o lost and blamed it on too little troops o Xerxes o william and chris put in Leonidus o Thermopylae § 300 Sparta men plus close to a thousand other greeks § met at the narrow pass of Thermopylae § Leonidus was Spartan general § Greeks lost but succeeded in their goal to slow down the massive Perian Army § Greece o The Bronze Age § Minoans had a thalassocracy-rule of the sea. · They were such big bullies that they didn't even have defensive walls, because they didn't think anybody could challenge them. § Mycenaeans had a large land army and large defensive walls, and fought in the trojan war, which could have been part of their undoing. (for more info on the trojan war read the Iliad) o The Dark Age § Aristocratic cavalry dominated warfare § They retained some leftover bronze weapons o The Archaic Period § Inexpensive iron warfare => the rise of the hoplite § Hoplite (specs) · Iron tipped spear (5-8 ft long) · Helmet (often w/ a T shaped slit for eyes and mouth) · Rounded shield (made of wood-painted to represent you and your family, unless your spartan) · Short backup sword · Phalanx's were a military formation of hoplites (8 x 8) · Wealthiest had a lot of extra stuff if they could afford it (like greaves(bronze shin-gaurds)) § Aristocrats are not required to fight and are easily overwhelmed by massive amnts of hoplites + no more one vs. one fights § Sparta was a military oligarchy o Classical Greece § Persian war § Peleponnesian war o Hellenistic period § Phillip/Alexander · Goals were to conquer greece and macedonia o Advantages ▪ Expanded the Phalanx (16 x 16) ▪ Longer Spears (16-18 ft) ▪ Uses cavalry in conjunction w/ phalanx to attack flanks § After Phillip/Alexander · Larger standing army · Lots of Mercenaries · War elephants · Improved siege towers · Catapults and Ballistae § Roman Republic o Early § Sacked by Gaul Early in republic § Unification of Italy · Etruscans · Magna Graecia § Requirements for military · Must hold land(small farmers) · must be a citizen · Draft · Bring what armor you could afford; equestrian cavalry · Problems arose when they were away from home too long, so they couldn't take care of their land o Late § Marii's Reforms · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries o Century-70 men o Cohort- 6 centuries o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) · Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't o Testudo formation · standing professional army w/ mercenaries · Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play ptx to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. · · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries o Century-70 men o Cohort- 6 centuries o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) o Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't § Testudo formation · Marius's Reforms o Standing professional army w/ mercenaries o Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play politics to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. o Shift from conscripted landowning citizens to landless volunteers · Conquests outside of Italy o Punic wars and Macedonian wars § Roman Empire o Principate § Expansion through the North § Conquered Britain § Squashed Jewish Revolts § Conquered Messepotaimia and Dacia § Auxilia who served for 24 yrs get citizenship o Dominate § Severans put massive focus on the military · Power lies with the military · Expanded military · Increased pay · Gave officers positions in government o The increase in pay to accommodate growing numbers of military forcing leaders to increase taxes which led to increased revolts which led to an increased reliance on a larger army making them pay the army more because they are more important...........etc. 'DeAtH sPiRaL' § During the military anarchy there were multiple invasions and 22 emperors in 50 years leading to internal civil strife. § The Huns pushed the Germanic Tribes into Rome § Rome is sacked twice · 410-- Goths · 455-- Vandals (do more damage to Rome) § Barbarians are in the military § Conflicts § Egypt Victory at Megiddo § Thutmose discovered the Mittanian army based in Megiddo, and against the advise of his leading officers he led a surprise attack on the enemy camp at night guided only by torchlight. § Before the Mittanian soldiers had time to muster their forces, the Egyptians were apon them, and those that didn’t die in the onslaught fled into the city of Megiddo, which was besieged for a few months, after which the Mittanians surrendered. · The Battle of Kadesh Overview § Ramses II (19 Dynasty) clashed with King Muwatallis of the Hittite Empire. The Hittite’s were looking to expand southward from Asia Minor, and at the same time Pharoah Ramses II was looking to overcome the legacy set behind by his ancestors. The conflict ground was the rich and well fortified city of Kadesh. In the end, it was a tactical victory for the Egyptians, and a strategic victory for the Hittite’s, resulting in a draw. § Ramses was looking to meet up with Thutmose the III’s victory at Megiddo, and thought that the best way to do so was to recapture the site of Thutmose III’s greatest victory. Comparison of Forces § Chariots · Egypt used mobile lightweight chariots that relied on speed and maneuverability so as to fire off many rounds into the enemies ranks without taking any damage themselves. · The Hittite’s used heavier, better armored chariots that provided stability, and a good base to attack from, however did not have the speed of the Egyptian chariots § Number of troops ~ · Egyptians Chariots- 2000 Infantry- 18,000 Total- 20,000 · Hittite’s Chariots- 3000 Infantry- 20,000 Total- 23,000 The Egyptian Ranks § Ramses II had to deal with the reality that moving 20,000 soldiers is a very difficult task for one man, god or not. · He split the military into 4 divisions of approximately equal size, and placed them under trusted associates with a vested intrest in assuring victory in the coming battle. Amon Ra Ptah Sutekh · This split the army under divine patronage while still keeping himself, his bodyguard, and immediate subordinates out of the hierarchy, and separating the raw recruits into a manageable force. · Some mercinaries also were a part of the Egyptian ranks, ad led the raw recruits, organizing the army into a formidable fighting force. The March § Each division marched separately, purposefully spaced to allow for water reservoirs to be refilled. This traded off with the readiness of the force to confront a full scale army, b/c they would have to wait for the other divisions, or if they were taken by surprise, could be picked off 1 at a time. § Muwatallis planted 2 spies in the path of Ramses II’s army, who fed the army disinformation about the location of Muwatallis’ troops. The Battle § The entire battle was decided based upon who communicated more effectively with their army, and the implementation of the information communicated by the armies respectively. § Ramses II, thinking to take the city before Muwatallis even reached it, hurried ahead, walking right into the Hittite’s trap, w/o the rest of his army, which was still far behind. § The Hittite’s intended to take out the Ra division of the army, and along with it, Ramses II, ending the entire war. § However, when the Hittite’s surprise attacked the Ra division of the Egyptian army, and pushed them back into the Amon division, the Muwatallis lost control of his troops, who stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp. § Ramses knowing that his success depended on his forces following his commands and staying in order led a counter attack against the Hittite’s himself, instantly alerting every Egyptian on the field where he needed to be, and what he needed to be doing. § This counter attack was supplemented with the Ptah regiment hitting the Hitite’s from the rear as the mercenaries Ramses had hired hit the Hittite’s from the flank. § Muwatallis, not having known about the other half of the Egyptian army and the mercinaries, withdrew into Kadesh. In the End § The Egyptians had won a significant tactical victory at Kadesh, and the Hittites had won a straegical one. § Ramses II w/d his remaining forces, and the Hittites agreed to a lasting peace agreement having seen the strength of Egypts military. § For Egypt, this meant a secure northern border, b/c of the peace treaty, and was therefore a victory in Ramses II eyes. § Punic Wars o 1st § Started over Sicily § Mainly naval battles · Rome finds Carthaginian navy ship and copies it (Queen Careen) § Hamilcar (Hannibal's father) lost § Carthage takes Spain afterwards to recover from it's losses. § Rome capitalizes on naval dominance by capturing places like Sardinia and taking tribute from Carthage. o 2nd § Hamilcar and Rome meet in Spain and they make an agreement to split Spain. · Rome captures territory breaking the treaty and kill Hamilcar, but then Rome gets kicked out of Spain § Hannibal (Hamilcar's son) sets out over the Alps w/ war elephants. · The long arduous journey kills the war elephants, but allows them to reach Rome. § Battle of Cannae- devastating loss for Rome § Fabius Maximus delays Hannibal so Rome could regroup § Scipio Africanus took legions around and directly attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to be called away from Rome. § Battle of Zama · Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus. o 3rd § Cato calls repeatedly for the destruction of the remnants of Carthage § They go in and beat the living daylights out of Carthage razing it to the groundMilitary § Methods, Organization, and Technology § Egypt § Old Kingdom o Weapons § Copper Tipped Spear § Basic (30 foot max) bow § Shield covered with animal hide o Numerous expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods o No standing military, however Egypt had a huge pool of human resources to call up on in times of need. · First few dynasties (began with Narmer ,1st)- o Not many military exploits due to Egypt’s isolation from most of the known world. § Cause of isolation was natural barriers such as the Nile and desert area. o This led to a distorted sense of self importance on the part of the Egyptian, who believed that they were at the center of the universe and that all foreigners were backward barbarians. § · 6th dynasty · Numerous military expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods (cattle and ivory), and root out brigands. However, still remained largely isolated and undisturbed. § Middle Kingdom o Weapons § Same as Old Kingdom o Built numerous forts and walls along borders o Though a full-time professional army was still not a part of Egypt, the pharaoh maintained more troops on extended hitches, training, or guard duty. § This may have been to prevent the nomarchs from challenging the central gov’t, a scenario that led to civil strife and disunity. (The 1st intermediate period) o Army made up of a mix of Egyptian natives and recruited Nubians (known for their archers) o Sensuret III § Particularaly prolific fort builder § Lots of Forts built along Nubian border in order to keep unwanted Nubians out. o 15th & 16th Dynasties § Hyksos had come in from the eastern Mediterranean, and were tolerated b/c the pharaoh’s used their young men in the armies ranks. o § Eventually the Hyksos grew so large in number that they began to take over Egypt, and were able to using a war chariot that they gotten from Asia. o § This led to the Second intermediate period § New Kingdom o Weapons § From the Hyksos · Bronze · Composite Bow · Light Chariot? o Viziers now chosen for their military abilities o Idea of Imperialism brings about aggressive military expansion, pharoahs seeking to show their military virtue, and an increased number of slaves o Thousands of troops on active duty at any given time o Many great warrior Kings - Thutmose III, Ramses II o Conquered Syrians at Megiddo o Many war developments in supplies and tactics § Battle of Kadesh - ranks developed into 4 sections (Amon, Ptah, Ra, and Sutekh) · no clear winner, both sides claimed victory § Overtook Megiddo in chariot and infantry units, trick used at night to finally seize control of the city o · 18th Dynasty (Ahmose) o Led army northward from Thebes and laid siege to Hyksos capital, Avaris § Was not satisfied with merely driving them out, he pusued the Hyksos into Asia and killed or captured a large number of them · 18th Dynasty (Amenhotep I) o Led military campaigns into Nubia and solidifies control over the region. · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I) o Launched Campaigns into both Nubia and Syria · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose III/ General info on battle in 18th Dynasty) o Egyptian “Alexander the Great” o His conquests broadened Egypts Sphere of Influence to about 400,000 sq. miles. o Main enemy was the Mitanni, Northeast of Syria o Mitanni-negociated or made peace deal w/ Kadesh and Megiddo. · Thutmose III marches with larger and more sophisticated army than any that had been put together in the Old and Middle Kingdoms. § Multiple units each featuring a different spezilization of figher, the most promninant being the chariot corps. · Chariot Corps- mobile platform from which warriors could fire arrows from a composite bow (better than a “simple bow,” b/c it was made of several diverse materials including 2 or 3 vareties of wood, animal horn, animal tendonds, and glue), or hurl metal tipped javelins. § In battle, Chariot Corps charged first, unleashing arrows on enemy, and then wheeled around for a second charge. · Chariots never actually made contact b/c they were too light-weight to withstand the actual impact of a full scale charge. § Next, the infantry, “runners,” followed charging the enemy. · It was the infantrymen’s jobs to clear the field of capsized chariots and men. · Infantry was made up of foot-archers and soldiers wielding battle axes, swords, spears, and bows. · Infantry mostly made up native born Egyptians, but as in the past, foreign born soldiers supplemented the ranks. Foreign-born soldiers were Nubian, Lybians(from desert west of Egypt), and those who had been captured and were forced to fight. § China § Shang o Weapons § Bronze halberds (also known as daggar-spears) § Daggars § Beheading axes § Composite bows § Light chariots o Many conflicts between heartland and neighboring tribes. o Enemy tribes had "-fang" suffix added onto the end of their name o Many captives beheaded and used in sacrifice. o Both nobles and "multitudes" fought in battle. o Some women led battles like Fu Hao § Western Zhou o Drummers used to excite troops to charge. o No attacking at night. o Up to a thousand chariots in an army meaning up to ten thousand soldiers accompanying the chariots. o Foot-soldiers would help chariots in battle by flipping over fallen chariots. o Opposing leaders would yell challenges until they agreed to fight. o Captives were used less for sacrifice and now more as slaves. o Siganl lights were used to warn cities of attacks § Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn o Increased attacks from outsiders, increasing internal conflict leading to the selection of a hegemon in times of emergency. § Hegemon was a temporary ruler of all the states. He was chosen by the other leaders of states and was supposed to unite all of China to deal with problems in crisis time. o States constantly consuming one another. (Bigger fish eating little fish) o Increased threat of attack because of decrease in King's power. o Increase in army size led to military generals appointed based on their merit rather than their lineage. § Warring States o 7 major states constantly in conflict for an advantage over one another. o Superiority measured by... § Wealth--bronze vessels, bells, etc. § Military Power--number of chariots § Prestige--Connection to the Zhou house (essentially the Zhou King) o Sun Wu (Sunzi) advocated geurilla tactics and deception § Qin o Nothing.............. § Han o Liu Bang disallowed pillaging of cities. o Lots of new military technologies... § Wheelbarrow--to carry large loads over areas where normal vehicles could not. § Kite--thought to have been a sort of military communication device. § Paper--thick layers (sometimes covered in lacquer) used as armor. § Pre-Persian Empires o Assyria § known for cruel tactics and ruling through fear · Forcing Jews to march to Babylon · Put heads on spikes · flaying o cutting off their skin § Took prisoners back to homeland · prisoners outnumbered Assyrians o Polyglot Society- many languages § could not communicate thus did not rebel § Used Hittie's Military ideas · three man chariot · heavy armor · Iron § Sparabara · archer pairs § Advanced siege tactics · Sappers · Siege tower · Early Battering ram o New Babylonians § Chaldeans and Medes overthrew Assyrians § Sent Jews to Babylon · Began Diaspora § Persian army welcomed into the city o Medes § Horse archers · nobility because of the expensive horses § Spears and Wicker shields · ineffective against swords but light and good for stoping arrows § Created units of the same type · archers, infantry,etc. § Attacks Lydia · Lydians know of the eclipse because of exposure to Greek culture through the Ionian city states. · Medes retreat after the eclipse. § When the Persians conqured them, their generals became generals in the Persian army § Persia o Cyrus (the great) § Rebel against Median control § Conquered Medes § Deafeted Croesus of Lydia § Subdued Ionian City states · part of lydia and when Persians took control Ionians thought they were free, but were sadly wrong § Extended Eastward § Conquered Babylon and Nabonidus o Cambyses § Cyrus' son § short reign but conquered Egypt o Darius I § Conquered Macedonia and Thrace § Fueled helped Ionians in their failed rebellion · Fueled Persian hatred for Athens · Darius sends army to Athens with supply ships o Ships are crushed at Mt. Athos · 2nd attempt was solely by boat o lost and blamed it on too little troops o Xerxes o william and chris put in Leonidus o Thermopylae § 300 Sparta men plus close to a thousand other greeks § met at the narrow pass of Thermopylae § Leonidus was Spartan general § Greeks lost but succeeded in their goal to slow down the massive Perian Army § Greece o The Bronze Age § Minoans had a thalassocracy-rule of the sea. · They were such big bullies that they didn't even have defensive walls, because they didn't think anybody could challenge them. § Mycenaeans had a large land army and large defensive walls, and fought in the trojan war, which could have been part of their undoing. (for more info on the trojan war read the Iliad) o The Dark Age § Aristocratic cavalry dominated warfare § They retained some leftover bronze weapons o The Archaic Period § Inexpensive iron warfare => the rise of the hoplite § Hoplite (specs) · Iron tipped spear (5-8 ft long) · Helmet (often w/ a T shaped slit for eyes and mouth) · Rounded shield (made of wood-painted to represent you and your family, unless your spartan) · Short backup sword · Phalanx's were a military formation of hoplites (8 x 8) · Wealthiest had a lot of extra stuff if they could afford it (like greaves(bronze shin-gaurds)) § Aristocrats are not required to fight and are easily overwhelmed by massive amnts of hoplites + no more one vs. one fights § Sparta was a military oligarchy o Classical Greece § Persian war § Peleponnesian war o Hellenistic period § Phillip/Alexander · Goals were to conquer greece and macedonia o Advantages ▪ Expanded the Phalanx (16 x 16) ▪ Longer Spears (16-18 ft) ▪ Uses cavalry in conjunction w/ phalanx to attack flanks § After Phillip/Alexander · Larger standing army · Lots of Mercenaries · War elephants · Improved siege towers · Catapults and Ballistae § Roman Republic o Early § Sacked by Gaul Early in republic § Unification of Italy · Etruscans · Magna Graecia § Requirements for military · Must hold land(small farmers) · must be a citizen · Draft · Bring what armor you could afford; equestrian cavalry · Problems arose when they were away from home too long, so they couldn't take care of their land o Late § Marii's Reforms · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries o Century-70 men o Cohort- 6 centuries o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) · Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't o Testudo formation · standing professional army w/ mercenaries · Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play ptx to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. · · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries o Century-70 men o Cohort- 6 centuries o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers) o Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't § Testudo formation · Marius's Reforms o Standing professional army w/ mercenaries o Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play politics to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8. o Shift from conscripted landowning citizens to landless volunteers · Conquests outside of Italy o Punic wars and Macedonian wars § Roman Empire o Principate § Expansion through the North § Conquered Britain § Squashed Jewish Revolts § Conquered Messepotaimia and Dacia § Auxilia who served for 24 yrs get citizenship o Dominate § Severans put massive focus on the military · Power lies with the military · Expanded military · Increased pay · Gave officers positions in government o The increase in pay to accommodate growing numbers of military forcing leaders to increase taxes which led to increased revolts which led to an increased reliance on a larger army making them pay the army more because they are more important...........etc. 'DeAtH sPiRaL' § During the military anarchy there were multiple invasions and 22 emperors in 50 years leading to internal civil strife. § The Huns pushed the Germanic Tribes into Rome § Rome is sacked twice · 410-- Goths · 455-- Vandals (do more damage to Rome) § Barbarians are in the military § Conflicts § Egypt · Victory at Megiddo § § Thutmose discovered the Mittanian army based in Megiddo, and against the advise of his leading officers he led a surprise attack on the enemy camp at night guided only by torchlight. § § Before the Mittanian soldiers had time to muster their forces, the Egyptians were apon them, and those that didn’t die in the onslaught fled into the city of Megiddo, which was besieged for a few months, after which the Mittanians surrendered. § · The Battle of Kadesh · Overview § § Ramses II (19 Dynasty) clashed with King Muwatallis of the Hittite Empire. The Hittite’s were looking to expand southward from Asia Minor, and at the same time Pharoah Ramses II was looking to overcome the legacy set behind by his ancestors. The conflict ground was the rich and well fortified city of Kadesh. In the end, it was a tactical victory for the Egyptians, and a strategic victory for the Hittite’s, resulting in a draw. § § Ramses was looking to meet up with Thutmose the III’s victory at Megiddo, and thought that the best way to do so was to § recapture the site of Thutmose III’s greatest victory. · Comparison of Forces § § Chariots § · Egypt used mobile lightweight chariots that relied on speed and maneuverability so as to fire off many rounds into the enemies ranks without taking any damage themselves. § · The Hittite’s used heavier, better armored chariots that provided stability, and a good base to attack from, however did not have the speed of the Egyptian chariots § § Number of troops ~ § · Egyptians · Chariots- 2000 · Infantry- 18,000 · Total- 20,000 § · Hittite’s · Chariots- 3000 · Infantry- 20,000 · Total- 23,000 · The Egyptian Ranks § § Ramses II had to deal with the reality that moving 20,000 soldiers is a very difficult task for one man, god or not. § · He split the military into 4 divisions of approximately equal size, and placed them under trusted associates with a vested intrest in assuring victory in the coming battle. · Amon · Ra · Ptah · Sutekh § · This split the army under divine patronage while still keeping himself, his bodyguard, and immediate subordinates out of the hierarchy, and separating the raw recruits into a manageable force. § · Some mercinaries also were a part of the Egyptian ranks, ad led the raw recruits, organizing the army into a formidable fighting force. · The March § § Each division marched separately, purposefully spaced to allow for water reservoirs to be refilled. This traded off with the § readiness of the force to confront a full scale army, b/c they would have to wait for the other divisions, or if they were taken by surprise, could be picked off 1 at a time. § § Muwatallis planted 2 spies in the path of Ramses II’s army, who fed the army disinformation about the location of Muwatallis’ troops. · The Battle § § The entire battle was decided based upon who communicated more effectively with their army, and the implementation of the information communicated by the armies respectively. § § Ramses II, thinking to take the city before Muwatallis even reached it, hurried ahead, walking right into the Hittite’s trap, w/o the rest of his army, which was still far behind. § § The Hittite’s intended to take out the Ra division of the army, and along with it, Ramses II, ending the entire war. § § However, when the Hittite’s surprise attacked the Ra division of the Egyptian army, and pushed them back into the Amon § division, the Muwatallis lost control of his troops, who stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp. § § Ramses knowing that his success depended on his forces following his commands and staying in order led a counter attack against the Hittite’s himself, instantly alerting every Egyptian on the field where he needed to be, and what he needed to be doing. § § This counter attack was supplemented with the Ptah regiment hitting the Hitite’s from the rear as the mercenaries Ramses had hired hit the Hittite’s from the flank. § § Muwatallis, not having known about the other half of the Egyptian army and the mercinaries, withdrew into Kadesh. · In the End § § The Egyptians had won a significant tactical victory at Kadesh, and the Hittites had won a straegical one. § § Ramses II w/d his remaining forces, and the Hittites agreed to a lasting peace agreement having seen the strength of Egypts military. § § For Egypt, this meant a secure northern border, b/c of the peace treaty, and was therefore a victory in Ramses II eyes. § Punic Wars o 1st § Started over Sicily § Mainly naval battles · Rome finds Carthaginian navy ship and copies it (Queen Careen) § Hamilcar (Hannibal's father) lost § Carthage takes Spain afterwards to recover from it's losses. § Rome capitalizes on naval dominance by capturing places like Sardinia and taking tribute from Carthage. o 2nd § Hamilcar and Rome meet in Spain and they make an agreement to split Spain. · Rome captures territory breaking the treaty and kill Hamilcar, but then Rome gets kicked out of Spain § Hannibal (Hamilcar's son) sets out over the Alps w/ war elephants. · The long arduous journey kills the war elephants, but allows them to reach Rome. § Battle of Cannae- devastating loss for Rome § Fabius Maximus delays Hannibal so Rome could regroup § Scipio Africanus took legions around and directly attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to be called away from Rome. § Battle of Zama · Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus. o 3rd § Cato calls repeatedly for the destruction of the remnants of Carthage. They go in and beat the living daylights out of Carthage razing it to the ground
§ Military§ Methods, Organization, and Technology
§ Egypt
§ Old Kingdom
o Weapons
§ Copper Tipped Spear
§ Basic (30 foot max) bow
§ Shield covered with animal hide
o Numerous expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods
o No standing military, however Egypt had a huge pool of human resources to call up on in times of need.
· First few dynasties (began with Narmer ,1st)- o Not many military exploits due to Egypt’s isolation from most of the known world. § Cause of isolation was natural barriers such as the Nile and desert area. o This led to a distorted sense of self importance on the part of the Egyptian, who believed that they were at the center of the universe and that all foreigners were backward barbarians.
§ · 6th dynasty
· Numerous military expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods (cattle and ivory), and root out brigands. However, still remained largely isolated and undisturbed.
§ Middle Kingdom
o Weapons
§ Same as Old Kingdom
o Built numerous forts and walls along borders
o Though a full-time professional army was still not a part of Egypt, the pharaoh maintained more troops on extended hitches, training, or guard duty.
§ This may have been to prevent the nomarchs from challenging the central gov’t, a scenario that led to civil strife and disunity. (The 1st intermediate period)
o Army made up of a mix of Egyptian natives and recruited Nubians (known for their archers)
o Sensuret III
§ Particularaly prolific fort builder
§ Lots of Forts built along Nubian border in order to keep unwanted Nubians out.
o 15th & 16th Dynasties
§ Hyksos had come in from the eastern Mediterranean, and were tolerated b/c the pharaoh’s used their young men in the armies ranks. o
§ Eventually the Hyksos grew so large in number that they began to take over Egypt, and were able to using a war chariot that they gotten from Asia. o
§ This led to the Second intermediate period
§ New Kingdom
o Weapons
§ From the Hyksos
· Bronze
· Composite Bow
· Light Chariot?
o Viziers now chosen for their military abilities
o Idea of Imperialism brings about aggressive military expansion, pharoahs seeking to show their military virtue, and an increased number of slaves
o Thousands of troops on active duty at any given time
o Many great warrior Kings - Thutmose III, Ramses II
o Conquered Syrians at Megiddo
o Many war developments in supplies and tactics
§ Battle of Kadesh - ranks developed into 4 sections (Amon, Ptah, Ra, and Sutekh)
· no clear winner, both sides claimed victory
§ Overtook Megiddo in chariot and infantry units, trick used at night to finally seize control of the city
o · 18th Dynasty (Ahmose) o Led army northward from Thebes and laid siege to Hyksos capital, Avaris § Was not satisfied with merely driving them out, he pusued the Hyksos into Asia and killed or captured a large number of them · 18th Dynasty (Amenhotep I) o Led military campaigns into Nubia and solidifies control over the region. · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I) o Launched Campaigns into both Nubia and Syria · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose III/ General info on battle in 18th Dynasty) o Egyptian “Alexander the Great” o His conquests broadened Egypts Sphere of Influence to about 400,000 sq. miles. o Main enemy was the Mitanni, Northeast of Syria
o Mitanni-negociated or made peace deal w/ Kadesh and Megiddo.
· Thutmose III marches with larger and more sophisticated army than any that had been put together in the Old and Middle Kingdoms. § Multiple units each featuring a different spezilization of figher, the most promninant being the chariot corps. · Chariot Corps- mobile platform from which warriors could fire arrows from a composite bow (better than a “simple bow,” b/c it was made of several diverse materials including 2 or 3 vareties of wood, animal horn, animal tendonds, and glue), or hurl metal tipped javelins. § In battle, Chariot Corps charged first, unleashing arrows on enemy, and then wheeled around for a second charge. · Chariots never actually made contact b/c they were too light-weight to withstand the actual impact of a full scale charge. § Next, the infantry, “runners,” followed charging the enemy. · It was the infantrymen’s jobs to clear the field of capsized chariots and men. · Infantry was made up of foot-archers and soldiers wielding battle axes, swords, spears, and bows. · Infantry mostly made up native born Egyptians, but as in the past, foreign born soldiers supplemented the ranks. Foreign-born soldiers were Nubian, Lybians(from desert west of Egypt), and those who had been captured and were forced to fight.
§ China
§ Shang
o Weapons
§ Bronze halberds (also known as daggar-spears)
§ Daggars
§ Beheading axes
§ Composite bows
§ Light chariots
o Many conflicts between heartland and neighboring tribes.
o Enemy tribes had "-fang" suffix added onto the end of their name
o Many captives beheaded and used in sacrifice.
o Both nobles and "multitudes" fought in battle.
o Some women led battles like Fu Hao
§ Western Zhou
o Drummers used to excite troops to charge.
o No attacking at night.
o Up to a thousand chariots in an army meaning up to ten thousand soldiers accompanying the chariots.
o Foot-soldiers would help chariots in battle by flipping over fallen chariots.
o Opposing leaders would yell challenges until they agreed to fight.
o Captives were used less for sacrifice and now more as slaves.
o Siganl lights were used to warn cities of attacks
§ Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn
o Increased attacks from outsiders, increasing internal conflict leading to the selection of a hegemon in times of emergency.
§ Hegemon was a temporary ruler of all the states. He was chosen by the other leaders of states and was supposed to unite all of China to deal with problems in crisis time.
o States constantly consuming one another. (Bigger fish eating little fish)
o Increased threat of attack because of decrease in King's power.
o Increase in army size led to military generals appointed based on their merit rather than their lineage.
§ Warring States
o 7 major states constantly in conflict for an advantage over one another.
o Superiority measured by...
§ Wealth--bronze vessels, bells, etc.
§ Military Power--number of chariots
§ Prestige--Connection to the Zhou house (essentially the Zhou King)
o Sun Wu (Sunzi) advocated geurilla tactics and deception
§ Qin
o Nothing..............
§ Han
o Liu Bang disallowed pillaging of cities.
o Lots of new military technologies...
§ Wheelbarrow--to carry large loads over areas where normal vehicles could not.
§ Kite--thought to have been a sort of military communication device.
§ Paper--thick layers (sometimes covered in lacquer) used as armor.
§ Pre-Persian Empires
o Assyria
§ known for cruel tactics and ruling through fear
· Forcing Jews to march to Babylon
· Put heads on spikes
· flaying
o cutting off their skin
§ Took prisoners back to homeland
· prisoners outnumbered Assyrians
o Polyglot Society- many languages
§ could not communicate thus did not rebel
§ Used Hittie's Military ideas
· three man chariot
· heavy armor
· Iron
§ Sparabara
· archer pairs
§ Advanced siege tactics
· Sappers
· Siege tower
· Early Battering ram
o New Babylonians
§ Chaldeans and Medes overthrew Assyrians
§ Sent Jews to Babylon
· Began Diaspora
§ Persian army welcomed into the city
o Medes
§ Horse archers
· nobility because of the expensive horses
§ Spears and Wicker shields
· ineffective against swords but light and good for stoping arrows
§ Created units of the same type
· archers, infantry,etc.
§ Attacks Lydia
· Lydians know of the eclipse because of exposure to Greek culture through the Ionian city states.
· Medes retreat after the eclipse.
§ When the Persians conqured them, their generals became generals in the Persian army
§ Persia
o Cyrus (the great)
§ Rebel against Median control
§ Conquered Medes
§ Deafeted Croesus of Lydia
§ Subdued Ionian City states
· part of lydia and when Persians took control Ionians thought they were free, but were sadly wrong
§ Extended Eastward
§ Conquered Babylon and Nabonidus
o Cambyses
§ Cyrus' son
§ short reign but conquered Egypt
o Darius I
§ Conquered Macedonia and Thrace
§ Fueled helped Ionians in their failed rebellion
· Fueled Persian hatred for Athens
· Darius sends army to Athens with supply ships
o Ships are crushed at Mt. Athos
· 2nd attempt was solely by boat
o lost and blamed it on too little troops
o Xerxes
o william and chris put in Leonidus
o Thermopylae
§ 300 Sparta men plus close to a thousand other greeks
§ met at the narrow pass of Thermopylae
§ Leonidus was Spartan general
§ Greeks lost but succeeded in their goal to slow down the massive Perian Army
§ Greece
o The Bronze Age
§ Minoans had a thalassocracy-rule of the sea.
· They were such big bullies that they didn't even have defensive walls, because they didn't think anybody could challenge them.
§ Mycenaeans had a large land army and large defensive walls, and fought in the trojan war, which could have been part of their undoing. (for more info on the trojan war read the Iliad)
o The Dark Age
§ Aristocratic cavalry dominated warfare
§ They retained some leftover bronze weapons
o The Archaic Period
§ Inexpensive iron warfare => the rise of the hoplite
§ Hoplite (specs)
· Iron tipped spear (5-8 ft long)
· Helmet (often w/ a T shaped slit for eyes and mouth)
· Rounded shield (made of wood-painted to represent you and your family, unless your spartan)
· Short backup sword
· Phalanx's were a military formation of hoplites (8 x 8)
· Wealthiest had a lot of extra stuff if they could afford it (like greaves(bronze shin-gaurds))
§ Aristocrats are not required to fight and are easily overwhelmed by massive amnts of hoplites + no more one vs. one fights
§ Sparta was a military oligarchy
o Classical Greece
§ Persian war
§ Peleponnesian war
o Hellenistic period
§ Phillip/Alexander
· Goals were to conquer greece and macedonia
o Advantages
▪ Expanded the Phalanx (16 x 16)
▪ Longer Spears (16-18 ft)
▪ Uses cavalry in conjunction w/ phalanx to attack flanks
§ After Phillip/Alexander
· Larger standing army
· Lots of Mercenaries
· War elephants
· Improved siege towers
· Catapults and Ballistae
§ Roman Republic
o Early
§ Sacked by Gaul Early in republic
§ Unification of Italy
· Etruscans
· Magna Graecia
§ Requirements for military
· Must hold land(small farmers)
· must be a citizen
· Draft
· Bring what armor you could afford; equestrian cavalry
· Problems arose when they were away from home too long, so they couldn't take care of their land
o Late
§ Marii's Reforms
· Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries
o Century-70 men
o Cohort- 6 centuries
o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers)
· Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't
o Testudo formation
· standing professional army w/ mercenaries
· Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play ptx to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8.
· · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries
o Century-70 men
o Cohort- 6 centuries
o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers)
o Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't
§ Testudo formation
· Marius's Reforms
o Standing professional army w/ mercenaries
o Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play politics to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8.
o Shift from conscripted landowning citizens to landless volunteers
· Conquests outside of Italy
o Punic wars and Macedonian wars
§ Roman Empire
o Principate
§ Expansion through the North
§ Conquered Britain
§ Squashed Jewish Revolts
§ Conquered Messepotaimia and Dacia
§ Auxilia who served for 24 yrs get citizenship
o Dominate
§ Severans put massive focus on the military
· Power lies with the military
· Expanded military
· Increased pay
· Gave officers positions in government
o The increase in pay to accommodate growing numbers of military forcing leaders to increase taxes which led to increased revolts which led to an increased reliance on a larger army making them pay the army more because they are more important...........etc. 'DeAtH sPiRaL'
§ During the military anarchy there were multiple invasions and 22 emperors in 50 years leading to internal civil strife.
§ The Huns pushed the Germanic Tribes into Rome
§ Rome is sacked twice
· 410-- Goths
· 455-- Vandals (do more damage to Rome)
§ Barbarians are in the military
§ Conflicts
§ Egypt
Victory at Megiddo
§ Thutmose discovered the Mittanian army based in Megiddo, and against the advise of his leading officers he led a surprise attack on the enemy camp at night guided only by torchlight.
§ Before the Mittanian soldiers had time to muster their forces, the Egyptians were apon them, and those that didn’t die in the onslaught fled into the city of Megiddo, which was besieged for a few months, after which the Mittanians surrendered.
· The Battle of Kadesh
Overview
§ Ramses II (19 Dynasty) clashed with King Muwatallis of the Hittite Empire. The Hittite’s were looking to expand southward from Asia Minor, and at the same time Pharoah Ramses II was looking to overcome the legacy set behind by his ancestors. The conflict ground was the rich and well fortified city of Kadesh. In the end, it was a tactical victory for the Egyptians, and a strategic victory for the Hittite’s, resulting in a draw.
§ Ramses was looking to meet up with Thutmose the III’s victory at Megiddo, and thought that the best way to do so was to
recapture the site of Thutmose III’s greatest victory.
Comparison of Forces
§ Chariots
· Egypt used mobile lightweight chariots that relied on speed and maneuverability so as to fire off many rounds into the enemies ranks without taking any damage themselves.
· The Hittite’s used heavier, better armored chariots that provided stability, and a good base to attack from, however did not have the speed of the Egyptian chariots
§ Number of troops ~
· Egyptians
Chariots- 2000
Infantry- 18,000
Total- 20,000
· Hittite’s
Chariots- 3000
Infantry- 20,000
Total- 23,000
The Egyptian Ranks
§ Ramses II had to deal with the reality that moving 20,000 soldiers is a very difficult task for one man, god or not.
· He split the military into 4 divisions of approximately equal size, and placed them under trusted associates with a vested intrest in assuring victory in the coming battle.
Amon
Ra
Ptah
Sutekh
· This split the army under divine patronage while still keeping himself, his bodyguard, and immediate subordinates out of the hierarchy, and separating the raw recruits into a manageable force.
· Some mercinaries also were a part of the Egyptian ranks, ad led the raw recruits, organizing the army into a formidable fighting force.
The March
§ Each division marched separately, purposefully spaced to allow for water reservoirs to be refilled. This traded off with the
readiness of the force to confront a full scale army, b/c they would have to wait for the other divisions, or if they were taken by surprise, could be picked off 1 at a time.
§ Muwatallis planted 2 spies in the path of Ramses II’s army, who fed the army disinformation about the location of Muwatallis’ troops.
The Battle
§ The entire battle was decided based upon who communicated more effectively with their army, and the implementation of the information communicated by the armies respectively.
§ Ramses II, thinking to take the city before Muwatallis even reached it, hurried ahead, walking right into the Hittite’s trap, w/o the rest of his army, which was still far behind.
§ The Hittite’s intended to take out the Ra division of the army, and along with it, Ramses II, ending the entire war.
§ However, when the Hittite’s surprise attacked the Ra division of the Egyptian army, and pushed them back into the Amon
division, the Muwatallis lost control of his troops, who stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp.
§ Ramses knowing that his success depended on his forces following his commands and staying in order led a counter attack against the Hittite’s himself, instantly alerting every Egyptian on the field where he needed to be, and what he needed to be doing.
§ This counter attack was supplemented with the Ptah regiment hitting the Hitite’s from the rear as the mercenaries Ramses had hired hit the Hittite’s from the flank.
§ Muwatallis, not having known about the other half of the Egyptian army and the mercinaries, withdrew into Kadesh.
In the End
§ The Egyptians had won a significant tactical victory at Kadesh, and the Hittites had won a straegical one.
§ Ramses II w/d his remaining forces, and the Hittites agreed to a lasting peace agreement having seen the strength of Egypts military.
§ For Egypt, this meant a secure northern border, b/c of the peace treaty, and was therefore a victory in Ramses II eyes.
§ Punic Wars
o 1st
§ Started over Sicily
§ Mainly naval battles
· Rome finds Carthaginian navy ship and copies it (Queen Careen)
§ Hamilcar (Hannibal's father) lost
§ Carthage takes Spain afterwards to recover from it's losses.
§ Rome capitalizes on naval dominance by capturing places like Sardinia and taking tribute from Carthage.
o 2nd
§ Hamilcar and Rome meet in Spain and they make an agreement to split Spain.
· Rome captures territory breaking the treaty and kill Hamilcar, but then Rome gets kicked out of Spain
§ Hannibal (Hamilcar's son) sets out over the Alps w/ war elephants.
· The long arduous journey kills the war elephants, but allows them to reach Rome.
§ Battle of Cannae- devastating loss for Rome
§ Fabius Maximus delays Hannibal so Rome could regroup
§ Scipio Africanus took legions around and directly attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to be called away from Rome.
§ Battle of Zama
· Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus.
o 3rd
§ Cato calls repeatedly for the destruction of the remnants of Carthage
§ They go in and beat the living daylights out of Carthage razing it to the groundMilitary
§ Methods, Organization, and Technology
§ Egypt
§ Old Kingdom
o Weapons
§ Copper Tipped Spear
§ Basic (30 foot max) bow
§ Shield covered with animal hide
o Numerous expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods
o No standing military, however Egypt had a huge pool of human resources to call up on in times of need.
· First few dynasties (began with Narmer ,1st)- o Not many military exploits due to Egypt’s isolation from most of the known world. § Cause of isolation was natural barriers such as the Nile and desert area. o This led to a distorted sense of self importance on the part of the Egyptian, who believed that they were at the center of the universe and that all foreigners were backward barbarians.
§ · 6th dynasty
· Numerous military expeditions into Nubia to secure valuable goods (cattle and ivory), and root out brigands. However, still remained largely isolated and undisturbed.
§ Middle Kingdom
o Weapons
§ Same as Old Kingdom
o Built numerous forts and walls along borders
o Though a full-time professional army was still not a part of Egypt, the pharaoh maintained more troops on extended hitches, training, or guard duty.
§ This may have been to prevent the nomarchs from challenging the central gov’t, a scenario that led to civil strife and disunity. (The 1st intermediate period)
o Army made up of a mix of Egyptian natives and recruited Nubians (known for their archers)
o Sensuret III
§ Particularaly prolific fort builder
§ Lots of Forts built along Nubian border in order to keep unwanted Nubians out.
o 15th & 16th Dynasties
§ Hyksos had come in from the eastern Mediterranean, and were tolerated b/c the pharaoh’s used their young men in the armies ranks. o
§ Eventually the Hyksos grew so large in number that they began to take over Egypt, and were able to using a war chariot that they gotten from Asia. o
§ This led to the Second intermediate period
§ New Kingdom
o Weapons
§ From the Hyksos
· Bronze
· Composite Bow
· Light Chariot?
o Viziers now chosen for their military abilities
o Idea of Imperialism brings about aggressive military expansion, pharoahs seeking to show their military virtue, and an increased number of slaves
o Thousands of troops on active duty at any given time
o Many great warrior Kings - Thutmose III, Ramses II
o Conquered Syrians at Megiddo
o Many war developments in supplies and tactics
§ Battle of Kadesh - ranks developed into 4 sections (Amon, Ptah, Ra, and Sutekh)
· no clear winner, both sides claimed victory
§ Overtook Megiddo in chariot and infantry units, trick used at night to finally seize control of the city
o · 18th Dynasty (Ahmose) o Led army northward from Thebes and laid siege to Hyksos capital, Avaris § Was not satisfied with merely driving them out, he pusued the Hyksos into Asia and killed or captured a large number of them · 18th Dynasty (Amenhotep I) o Led military campaigns into Nubia and solidifies control over the region. · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose I) o Launched Campaigns into both Nubia and Syria · 18th Dynasty (Thutmose III/ General info on battle in 18th Dynasty) o Egyptian “Alexander the Great” o His conquests broadened Egypts Sphere of Influence to about 400,000 sq. miles. o Main enemy was the Mitanni, Northeast of Syria
o Mitanni-negociated or made peace deal w/ Kadesh and Megiddo.
· Thutmose III marches with larger and more sophisticated army than any that had been put together in the Old and Middle Kingdoms. § Multiple units each featuring a different spezilization of figher, the most promninant being the chariot corps. · Chariot Corps- mobile platform from which warriors could fire arrows from a composite bow (better than a “simple bow,” b/c it was made of several diverse materials including 2 or 3 vareties of wood, animal horn, animal tendonds, and glue), or hurl metal tipped javelins. § In battle, Chariot Corps charged first, unleashing arrows on enemy, and then wheeled around for a second charge. · Chariots never actually made contact b/c they were too light-weight to withstand the actual impact of a full scale charge. § Next, the infantry, “runners,” followed charging the enemy. · It was the infantrymen’s jobs to clear the field of capsized chariots and men. · Infantry was made up of foot-archers and soldiers wielding battle axes, swords, spears, and bows. · Infantry mostly made up native born Egyptians, but as in the past, foreign born soldiers supplemented the ranks. Foreign-born soldiers were Nubian, Lybians(from desert west of Egypt), and those who had been captured and were forced to fight.
§ China
§ Shang
o Weapons
§ Bronze halberds (also known as daggar-spears)
§ Daggars
§ Beheading axes
§ Composite bows
§ Light chariots
o Many conflicts between heartland and neighboring tribes.
o Enemy tribes had "-fang" suffix added onto the end of their name
o Many captives beheaded and used in sacrifice.
o Both nobles and "multitudes" fought in battle.
o Some women led battles like Fu Hao
§ Western Zhou
o Drummers used to excite troops to charge.
o No attacking at night.
o Up to a thousand chariots in an army meaning up to ten thousand soldiers accompanying the chariots.
o Foot-soldiers would help chariots in battle by flipping over fallen chariots.
o Opposing leaders would yell challenges until they agreed to fight.
o Captives were used less for sacrifice and now more as slaves.
o Siganl lights were used to warn cities of attacks
§ Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn
o Increased attacks from outsiders, increasing internal conflict leading to the selection of a hegemon in times of emergency.
§ Hegemon was a temporary ruler of all the states. He was chosen by the other leaders of states and was supposed to unite all of China to deal with problems in crisis time.
o States constantly consuming one another. (Bigger fish eating little fish)
o Increased threat of attack because of decrease in King's power.
o Increase in army size led to military generals appointed based on their merit rather than their lineage.
§ Warring States
o 7 major states constantly in conflict for an advantage over one another.
o Superiority measured by...
§ Wealth--bronze vessels, bells, etc.
§ Military Power--number of chariots
§ Prestige--Connection to the Zhou house (essentially the Zhou King)
o Sun Wu (Sunzi) advocated geurilla tactics and deception
§ Qin
o Nothing..............
§ Han
o Liu Bang disallowed pillaging of cities.
o Lots of new military technologies...
§ Wheelbarrow--to carry large loads over areas where normal vehicles could not.
§ Kite--thought to have been a sort of military communication device.
§ Paper--thick layers (sometimes covered in lacquer) used as armor.
§ Pre-Persian Empires
o Assyria
§ known for cruel tactics and ruling through fear
· Forcing Jews to march to Babylon
· Put heads on spikes
· flaying
o cutting off their skin
§ Took prisoners back to homeland
· prisoners outnumbered Assyrians
o Polyglot Society- many languages
§ could not communicate thus did not rebel
§ Used Hittie's Military ideas
· three man chariot
· heavy armor
· Iron
§ Sparabara
· archer pairs
§ Advanced siege tactics
· Sappers
· Siege tower
· Early Battering ram
o New Babylonians
§ Chaldeans and Medes overthrew Assyrians
§ Sent Jews to Babylon
· Began Diaspora
§ Persian army welcomed into the city
o Medes
§ Horse archers
· nobility because of the expensive horses
§ Spears and Wicker shields
· ineffective against swords but light and good for stoping arrows
§ Created units of the same type
· archers, infantry,etc.
§ Attacks Lydia
· Lydians know of the eclipse because of exposure to Greek culture through the Ionian city states.
· Medes retreat after the eclipse.
§ When the Persians conqured them, their generals became generals in the Persian army
§ Persia
o Cyrus (the great)
§ Rebel against Median control
§ Conquered Medes
§ Deafeted Croesus of Lydia
§ Subdued Ionian City states
· part of lydia and when Persians took control Ionians thought they were free, but were sadly wrong
§ Extended Eastward
§ Conquered Babylon and Nabonidus
o Cambyses
§ Cyrus' son
§ short reign but conquered Egypt
o Darius I
§ Conquered Macedonia and Thrace
§ Fueled helped Ionians in their failed rebellion
· Fueled Persian hatred for Athens
· Darius sends army to Athens with supply ships
o Ships are crushed at Mt. Athos
· 2nd attempt was solely by boat
o lost and blamed it on too little troops
o Xerxes
o william and chris put in Leonidus
o Thermopylae
§ 300 Sparta men plus close to a thousand other greeks
§ met at the narrow pass of Thermopylae
§ Leonidus was Spartan general
§ Greeks lost but succeeded in their goal to slow down the massive Perian Army
§ Greece
o The Bronze Age
§ Minoans had a thalassocracy-rule of the sea.
· They were such big bullies that they didn't even have defensive walls, because they didn't think anybody could challenge them.
§ Mycenaeans had a large land army and large defensive walls, and fought in the trojan war, which could have been part of their undoing. (for more info on the trojan war read the Iliad)
o The Dark Age
§ Aristocratic cavalry dominated warfare
§ They retained some leftover bronze weapons
o The Archaic Period
§ Inexpensive iron warfare => the rise of the hoplite
§ Hoplite (specs)
· Iron tipped spear (5-8 ft long)
· Helmet (often w/ a T shaped slit for eyes and mouth)
· Rounded shield (made of wood-painted to represent you and your family, unless your spartan)
· Short backup sword
· Phalanx's were a military formation of hoplites (8 x 8)
· Wealthiest had a lot of extra stuff if they could afford it (like greaves(bronze shin-gaurds))
§ Aristocrats are not required to fight and are easily overwhelmed by massive amnts of hoplites + no more one vs. one fights
§ Sparta was a military oligarchy
o Classical Greece
§ Persian war
§ Peleponnesian war
o Hellenistic period
§ Phillip/Alexander
· Goals were to conquer greece and macedonia
o Advantages
▪ Expanded the Phalanx (16 x 16)
▪ Longer Spears (16-18 ft)
▪ Uses cavalry in conjunction w/ phalanx to attack flanks
§ After Phillip/Alexander
· Larger standing army
· Lots of Mercenaries
· War elephants
· Improved siege towers
· Catapults and Ballistae
§ Roman Republic
o Early
§ Sacked by Gaul Early in republic
§ Unification of Italy
· Etruscans
· Magna Graecia
§ Requirements for military
· Must hold land(small farmers)
· must be a citizen
· Draft
· Bring what armor you could afford; equestrian cavalry
· Problems arose when they were away from home too long, so they couldn't take care of their land
o Late
§ Marii's Reforms
· Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries
o Century-70 men
o Cohort- 6 centuries
o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers)
· Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't
o Testudo formation
· standing professional army w/ mercenaries
· Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play ptx to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8.
· · Soldiers organized into legions, cohorts, and centuries
o Century-70 men
o Cohort- 6 centuries
o Legion multiple cohorts (3500 soldiers-5000 soldiers)
o Soldiers were armed w/ javelins and short swords that were provided to them by the gov't
§ Testudo formation
· Marius's Reforms
o Standing professional army w/ mercenaries
o Senate still refused to supply pensions, so gen.'s had to play politics to get them a reward after their service, causing the soldiers to be more loyal to their gen.'s than to the st8.
o Shift from conscripted landowning citizens to landless volunteers
· Conquests outside of Italy
o Punic wars and Macedonian wars
§ Roman Empire
o Principate
§ Expansion through the North
§ Conquered Britain
§ Squashed Jewish Revolts
§ Conquered Messepotaimia and Dacia
§ Auxilia who served for 24 yrs get citizenship
o Dominate
§ Severans put massive focus on the military
· Power lies with the military
· Expanded military
· Increased pay
· Gave officers positions in government
o The increase in pay to accommodate growing numbers of military forcing leaders to increase taxes which led to increased revolts which led to an increased reliance on a larger army making them pay the army more because they are more important...........etc. 'DeAtH sPiRaL'
§ During the military anarchy there were multiple invasions and 22 emperors in 50 years leading to internal civil strife.
§ The Huns pushed the Germanic Tribes into Rome
§ Rome is sacked twice
· 410-- Goths
· 455-- Vandals (do more damage to Rome)
§ Barbarians are in the military
§ Conflicts
§ Egypt
· Victory at Megiddo
§ § Thutmose discovered the Mittanian army based in Megiddo, and against the advise of his leading officers he led a surprise attack on the enemy camp at night guided only by torchlight.
§ § Before the Mittanian soldiers had time to muster their forces, the Egyptians were apon them, and those that didn’t die in the onslaught fled into the city of Megiddo, which was besieged for a few months, after which the Mittanians surrendered.
§ · The Battle of Kadesh
· Overview
§ § Ramses II (19 Dynasty) clashed with King Muwatallis of the Hittite Empire. The Hittite’s were looking to expand southward from Asia Minor, and at the same time Pharoah Ramses II was looking to overcome the legacy set behind by his ancestors. The conflict ground was the rich and well fortified city of Kadesh. In the end, it was a tactical victory for the Egyptians, and a strategic victory for the Hittite’s, resulting in a draw.
§ § Ramses was looking to meet up with Thutmose the III’s victory at Megiddo, and thought that the best way to do so was to
§ recapture the site of Thutmose III’s greatest victory.
· Comparison of Forces
§ § Chariots
§ · Egypt used mobile lightweight chariots that relied on speed and maneuverability so as to fire off many rounds into the enemies ranks without taking any damage themselves.
§ · The Hittite’s used heavier, better armored chariots that provided stability, and a good base to attack from, however did not have the speed of the Egyptian chariots
§ § Number of troops ~
§ · Egyptians
· Chariots- 2000
· Infantry- 18,000
· Total- 20,000
§ · Hittite’s
· Chariots- 3000
· Infantry- 20,000
· Total- 23,000
· The Egyptian Ranks
§ § Ramses II had to deal with the reality that moving 20,000 soldiers is a very difficult task for one man, god or not.
§ · He split the military into 4 divisions of approximately equal size, and placed them under trusted associates with a vested intrest in assuring victory in the coming battle.
· Amon
· Ra
· Ptah
· Sutekh
§ · This split the army under divine patronage while still keeping himself, his bodyguard, and immediate subordinates out of the hierarchy, and separating the raw recruits into a manageable force.
§ · Some mercinaries also were a part of the Egyptian ranks, ad led the raw recruits, organizing the army into a formidable fighting force.
· The March
§ § Each division marched separately, purposefully spaced to allow for water reservoirs to be refilled. This traded off with the
§ readiness of the force to confront a full scale army, b/c they would have to wait for the other divisions, or if they were taken by surprise, could be picked off 1 at a time.
§ § Muwatallis planted 2 spies in the path of Ramses II’s army, who fed the army disinformation about the location of Muwatallis’ troops.
· The Battle
§ § The entire battle was decided based upon who communicated more effectively with their army, and the implementation of the information communicated by the armies respectively.
§ § Ramses II, thinking to take the city before Muwatallis even reached it, hurried ahead, walking right into the Hittite’s trap, w/o the rest of his army, which was still far behind.
§ § The Hittite’s intended to take out the Ra division of the army, and along with it, Ramses II, ending the entire war.
§ § However, when the Hittite’s surprise attacked the Ra division of the Egyptian army, and pushed them back into the Amon
§ division, the Muwatallis lost control of his troops, who stopped to plunder the Egyptian camp.
§ § Ramses knowing that his success depended on his forces following his commands and staying in order led a counter attack against the Hittite’s himself, instantly alerting every Egyptian on the field where he needed to be, and what he needed to be doing.
§ § This counter attack was supplemented with the Ptah regiment hitting the Hitite’s from the rear as the mercenaries Ramses had hired hit the Hittite’s from the flank.
§ § Muwatallis, not having known about the other half of the Egyptian army and the mercinaries, withdrew into Kadesh.
· In the End
§ § The Egyptians had won a significant tactical victory at Kadesh, and the Hittites had won a straegical one.
§ § Ramses II w/d his remaining forces, and the Hittites agreed to a lasting peace agreement having seen the strength of Egypts military.
§ § For Egypt, this meant a secure northern border, b/c of the peace treaty, and was therefore a victory in Ramses II eyes.
§ Punic Wars
o 1st
§ Started over Sicily
§ Mainly naval battles
· Rome finds Carthaginian navy ship and copies it (Queen Careen)
§ Hamilcar (Hannibal's father) lost
§ Carthage takes Spain afterwards to recover from it's losses.
§ Rome capitalizes on naval dominance by capturing places like Sardinia and taking tribute from Carthage.
o 2nd
§ Hamilcar and Rome meet in Spain and they make an agreement to split Spain.
· Rome captures territory breaking the treaty and kill Hamilcar, but then Rome gets kicked out of Spain
§ Hannibal (Hamilcar's son) sets out over the Alps w/ war elephants.
· The long arduous journey kills the war elephants, but allows them to reach Rome.
§ Battle of Cannae- devastating loss for Rome
§ Fabius Maximus delays Hannibal so Rome could regroup
§ Scipio Africanus took legions around and directly attacked Carthage forcing Hannibal to be called away from Rome.
§ Battle of Zama
· Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus.
o 3rd
§ Cato calls repeatedly for the destruction of the remnants of Carthage. They go in and beat the living daylights out of Carthage razing it to the ground