men's role: women's role: women could own and inherit property and participate in legal contracts. They could sue someone and divorce their husband if they were unhappy or abused (very rare). They had freedom to move around meaning they could get jobs outside of the house. Sometimes they could kick their husbands out if they owned the land (VERY VERY RARE)
China:
Shang Dynasty
class structure:
Shang King
Estate holders
within the heartland
Allied Chieftains
OUTSIDE heartland
technically didn't have to report to the king, but if they didn't, the king would send an army to attack them
skilled workers
artisans, scribes, etc.
farmers and herders
dead war captives
for sacrifice to gods
men's role:
women's role:
Western Zhou Dynasty
class structure:
Zhou King
estate holders
no longer heart land
SHANG estate holder (previously shang king)
revolted, put down by Duke of Zhou, no longer hold an estate
Multitudes
of people
men's role:
women's role:
Eastern Zhou: Spring and Autumn
class structure:
Zhou King and Lords, temporary Hegemon
all with equal power due to decentralization
hegemon: NEVER Zhou king
supposed to step down once he fulfilled what he needed to do
Zhou King=for religious purposes
multitudes
of people
men's role:
women's role:
Eastern Zhou: Warring States
class structure:
Kings of 7 warring states
one is the Zhous king
all fairly equal power
estate holders
loyal to different kings
multitudes
of people
men's role:
women's role:
Qin Dynasty
class structure:
Emperor
called emperor because he conquered other warring states
Appointed Officials
shows an increase in centralization
multitudes
like always, with more skilled people at the top, followed by the less skilled people
men's role:
women's role:
Han Dynasty
class structure:
Emperor
Appointed Officials
based on civil service exam
multitudes
still, of people
men's role:
women's role:
Persia:
class structure:
Great King
monarch
Satraps
report to king ; 20 of them
ethnic persian
Key Officials
report to King
top military, administrative, and financial people
ethnic persians
Nobles
report to satraps
2 tiers:
ethnic persians
non-ethnic persians
Merchants, Artisans, and Skilled Freemen
report to satraps
made up lower/middle class
Unskilled Freeman, Serfs, and Slaves
report to satraps
men's role:
superior; more powerful
had multiple wives (polygamy) and concubines; showed wealth: the more wives you had, the more money you had
educated
taught to ride, use the bow, and to always tell the truth
young boys lived in the women's quarters until they were 5 years old so that the father would become attached to the child in case they died
women's role:
inferior
not educated
not allowed to work
stayed in the women's quarters
raised the children
protected and guarded bu eunuch's
Greece
Bronze Age- Minoans:
Culture was centered at the palace
regional monarchy
Bronze Age- Mycenaeans
thought to have become the Sea peoples
eventually kicked out by the Dorian Greeks
Dark Ages
Lost the cities and writing (became uncivilized)
Loss of trade
No bronze and no surplus
shortage of supplies
Wealthy aristocrats are in control
rise to power and become the only leadership
able to come to power because they were the only people with bronze (for weapons) and horses
(sea warfare)
No surplus
people became farmers so they could have food to eat
there were not any markets
no specialized workers
loss of population in cities
Bards
traveling story-tellers
told stories for food and a place to stay
Warfare
dominated by the aristocratic cavalry
could afford weapons
took control
Archaic Period
Began with return of writing in Athens
Commercial Revolution
resumption of trade leads to a massive economic boom
thanks to the Phoenicians
trade ventures
personal success will increase wealth
unsuccessful trade ventures could drain wealth and lead to debt slavery
artisans in merchants with internationally appealing products gain wealth
New social classes
new rich- successful merchants and traders
debt slaves- people who sold themselves to pay off debts
land aristocracy- gained wealth from agriculture; began to lose fortune and were not the primary source of income anymore
Social
Table of Contents
Egypt:
Old Kingdom
class structure:- Pharaoh
- supreme leader
- Vizier
- Pharaoh's right hand man
- High Priests
- Nomarchs (42)
- Local lords, report to king
- Priests/Scribes
- Commoners
- live in nomes, report to Nomarchs
men's role:women's role:
Middle Kingdom
class structure:- Pharaoh
men's role:women's role:
New Kingdom
class structure:- Pharaoh
men's role:women's role: women could own and inherit property and participate in legal contracts. They could sue someone and divorce their husband if they were unhappy or abused (very rare). They had freedom to move around meaning they could get jobs outside of the house. Sometimes they could kick their husbands out if they owned the land (VERY VERY RARE)
China:
Shang Dynasty
class structure:- Shang King
- Estate holders
- within the heartland
- Allied Chieftains
- OUTSIDE heartland
- technically didn't have to report to the king, but if they didn't, the king would send an army to attack them
- skilled workers
- artisans, scribes, etc.
- farmers and herders
- dead war captives
- for sacrifice to gods
men's role:women's role:
Western Zhou Dynasty
class structure:- Zhou King
- estate holders
- no longer heart land
- SHANG estate holder (previously shang king)
- revolted, put down by Duke of Zhou, no longer hold an estate
- Multitudes
- of people
men's role:women's role:
Eastern Zhou: Spring and Autumn
class structure:- Zhou King and Lords, temporary Hegemon
- all with equal power due to decentralization
- hegemon: NEVER Zhou king
- supposed to step down once he fulfilled what he needed to do
- Zhou King=for religious purposes
- multitudes
- of people
men's role:women's role:
Eastern Zhou: Warring States
class structure:- Kings of 7 warring states
- one is the Zhous king
- all fairly equal power
- estate holders
- loyal to different kings
- multitudes
- of people
men's role:women's role:
Qin Dynasty
class structure:- Emperor
- called emperor because he conquered other warring states
- Appointed Officials
- shows an increase in centralization
- multitudes
- like always, with more skilled people at the top, followed by the less skilled people
men's role:women's role:
Han Dynasty
class structure:- Emperor
- Appointed Officials
- based on civil service exam
- multitudes
- still, of people
men's role:women's role:
Persia:
class structure:- Great King
- monarch
- Satraps
- report to king ; 20 of them
- ethnic persian
- Key Officials
- report to King
- top military, administrative, and financial people
- ethnic persians
- Nobles
- report to satraps
- 2 tiers:
- ethnic persians
- non-ethnic persians
- Merchants, Artisans, and Skilled Freemen
- report to satraps
- made up lower/middle class
- Unskilled Freeman, Serfs, and Slaves
- report to satraps
men's role:- superior; more powerful
- had multiple wives (polygamy) and concubines; showed wealth: the more wives you had, the more money you had
- educated
- taught to ride, use the bow, and to always tell the truth
- young boys lived in the women's quarters until they were 5 years old so that the father would become attached to the child in case they died
women's role:Greece
Bronze Age- Minoans:
Bronze Age- Mycenaeans
Dark Ages
Lost the cities and writing (became uncivilized)- Loss of trade
- No bronze and no surplus
- shortage of supplies
Wealthy aristocrats are in control- rise to power and become the only leadership
- able to come to power because they were the only people with bronze (for weapons) and horses
- (sea warfare)
No surplus- people became farmers so they could have food to eat
- there were not any markets
- no specialized workers
- loss of population in cities
Bards- traveling story-tellers
- told stories for food and a place to stay
WarfareArchaic Period
Began with return of writing in AthensCommercial Revolution
- resumption of trade leads to a massive economic boom
- thanks to the Phoenicians
- trade ventures
- personal success will increase wealth
- unsuccessful trade ventures could drain wealth and lead to debt slavery
- artisans in merchants with internationally appealing products gain wealth
New social classes- new rich- successful merchants and traders
- debt slaves- people who sold themselves to pay off debts
- land aristocracy- gained wealth from agriculture; began to lose fortune and were not the primary source of income anymore
Population boom- led to colonization
Hoplite warfareTyranny replaces aristocratic oligarchy
- Economic discontent+hoplite warfare=political upheaval
- economic discontent: debt slaves and failing aristocracy; new rich want power
- hoplite warfare: poor had the capabilities to fight and ability
- upheaval: aristocracies overthrown by new rich and tyrants take power
- the overthrown aristocrat often became the tyrant
- knew how to rule
- had to rule in favor of the people
Tyranny in AthensSparta
- Became a military state after nearly overthrown by a Helot uprising (see Code of Lycurgus)
- Social Classes
- Spartiates
- smallest class
- "citizens" of Sparta (proper)
- sense of equality and brotherhood within the class
- Perioikoi
- "near home"
- free people, but not citizens
- mostly specialized workers
- main part of economy
- served in military as assistants or squires or archers
- could become Spartiates through brave or exceptional acts
- Helots
- Spartiates declared war on them yearly
- legal to kill them for practice
- farmers
- Code of Lycurgus
- flawed infants left out to die
- at age 7 boys moved to barracks
- to begin military training
- become soldiers at age 20
- Syssition
- fraternities with whom you train and eat
- became an outcast if not accepted
- pathway into adulthood
- At age 30 you could live at home and vote
- sex life until now was secretive and like a challenge
- Served in military until 60
- at age 60 could hope to be on Gerousia
Democracy in AthensClassical Greece
The arts flourished and became a large part of lifePhilosophy flourished
Theatre
Hellenistic Greece
Philip II conquered Greece- planned to conquer Persia then dies
- Alexander does
Alexander the Great- conquered Persia
- very fond of Persia
- brought back culture
- His death led to the division of the empire into Seleucids, Ptloemies, and Antagonids
Empires- Antagonid
- Greece and Macedonia
- Ptolemy
- Egypt and Palestine
- Seleucid
- largest empire
- the east
Hellenistic= Greek+- +local culture
- Egypt was ruled by ethnic Greek minority
- the two cultures merged
- tension between classes
- social class was based on what language you spoke
- learning Greek increased your class
- Greek culture superior
- Koinai- a dumbed down version
- becomes most widely used language in Roman empire
- People intermarried to gain wealth
Huge slave tradeRome
Early Republic
Social Class- based on birth
- Patricians
- original descendants of the nobles who overthrew Tarquin the Proud
- mainly the wealthy landowner
- had religious and political advantages
- Plebeians
- originally merchants and non-landowners
- were citizens but had fewer rights
- couldn't marry Patricians
Concessions and ReformsLate Republic
Early Empire
Late Empire